Welcome to — a place for all things online dating, critiques, advice, and the weird little community we've built here. ► Rules • Do not post identifying information! Blur out the faces of anyone who isn't you. Censor any name that is not yours. • You can post your own profile, but you cannot post anyone else's without • Slurs and hate speech directed toward LGBTQ, people of color, survivors of trauma/abuse, or any other undecorous content may be removed. • is moderated for quality, which means submissions or comments that provide little to no value — whether it be education, discussion, or entertainment — may be removed at the moderators' discretion. Remember that we are the largest free online dating service. It is just a natural progression to exchange numbers and talk on the phone before that meet and greet. ► FAQ & Common Posts • • • • • • ► Critiques & Advice • • • • ► Calendar Most posts are posted at 1pm EST; Fashion Friday is posted at 2:30pm EST. Post Day Story Time Sunday Sunday Ask Me Monday Monday Pick-a-Pic Tuesday Rant Wednesday Wednesday Critique-a-Section Thursday General Discussion Friday Fashion Friday Friday Selfie Saturday Saturday ► Chat We also have a chat, just for us. You first have to then click on and join #okchat. Be sure to use your Reddit username so other users can recognize you! I think as long as you make sure they're comfortable with you and they like talking to you, they're going to say yes. The key is like anything, following along with the conversation, and seeing where you have an opening. A lot of times when I know I want to ask the girl out, I'm directing the conversation in that direction. A lot of times if a girl is interested, she'll give you her number before you even have to ask her. I've got the first date part down. It's after that we're still working on. But if you have confidence issues, OKCupid is a great way to resolve them, IMO. I know I'm late to this but in case anyone is still reading this, here's a story: I checked a guy out last night, wrote him a message, hit 'send' and got a message from him right back. We were both messaging each other at the same time. I was sacked out on the couch and bored, and he was also clearly not doing much, so I asked if he wanted to get dinner with me (I'd been planning to go out anyway because I wasn't feeling cooking.) He was totally down, we had a great dinner, and have been texting all day. When the vibe is there, go for it. Unless someone's initial message to me is 'Hey wanna go out?' With no other context, there's not really any such thing as too soon. Kind of interesting that it seems to be so popular in the US to meet really soon. Most european (well, German mostly) people seem to be more the 'when do you want to meet in person? After a few weeks' type. At least for people who are not basically from the same city I don't think it's a big problem though. If it clicks (no matter if for friendship or potential dating) after a few messages or during chat switching e.g. To Skype is a good idea. To be honest, I'd never meet with someone from the Internet without talking to that person at least once or twice on Skype. I think that way it's much easier to figure out if someone if genuine or a fake/troll (or worse, a guy:p).
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For example, the Singapore Zoo and Jurong Bird Park. If you like nature, you should also visit the Botanic Gardens. To find out more about the history of Singapore, you can also visit Kampong Glam, Chinatown, Little India and the Civic District. Kebabs, small food stalls, women wearing long dresses and head covers, men. Agent: Amy Tompkins. Alison Acheson’s eighth book, 19 Things: A Book Of Lists for Me, will be published in Fall 2014. Her works are for all ages, from picture books. The holiday season is upon us, and in that spirit we urge you to explore fun activities with your child to bring the family together and bridge the generation gap. Whether it’s a visit to the theatre, enjoying a great workshop or checking out a rather unusual museum, we’ve got it covered here. Scroll down to check out the list now! Bridge that Generation Gap 1. Learn A Historical Board Game Photo credit: Singapore Weiqi Association Wean off mobile games with something even your grandmother will be proud of. Go, called weiqi in Chinese, hails from as far back as when civilisation began. Engaging the intellect but entirely fun, Go is more complex than Chinese chess and each game can take as quick as 15 minutes or a few days to finish. The organises for children aged six and above. The best news? All parents are invited to join in the lessons. Date & Venue: Fee: $300 Sport for the whole Family 2. Bounce Indoor Adventure Park Photo credit: Bounce Inc first came to our sunny island from Melbourne, Australia in 2012. Featuring a different variety of trampoline zones such as Singapore’s first and more, Bounce caters to children aged three and above, adults and fitness enthusiasts. With three areas based on interests and difficulty, safety is the first priority for the Park, with rules such as only one person is allowed on each trampoline at a time and landing on two feet is a must. Due to, the Park has a weight limit for jumpers. Their Family Session lets you “Jump as A Family” on Tuesdays, so get ready for some active family bonding. Date & Time: Tuesdays, 10am to 9pm (check for slots available) Venue: #09-01 Cathay Cineleisure Orchard, 8 Grange Road, S (239695) Fee: Family ticket is available at $75 per family of 4. Holiday Workshops that Spell Fun 3. Conquer the Reading Mission Mums, Dads and their budding explorers will get to experience Integrated Phonics (through songs, rhymes and poems), and Listening and Reading comprehension through a series of fun adventures in the wilderness! The good news is that one parent will be invited to attend the workshop. Date & Time: 7 Dec, 10am – 12pm (for 3 – 4-year-olds in 2016) Limited Seats Available 7 Dec, 2–4pm (for 5 – 6-years-olds in 2016) Venue: MindChamps Singapore, 480 Lorong 6 Toa Payoh, #17-01 HDB Hub East Wing, S (310480) Fee: $68 per child 4. Master the Writing Mission Let your children join Explorer Love on a mysterious jungle adventure to discover Adjectives, Conjunctions, Verbs and much more. Through this two-day workshop, they will get to create their own masterpiece and learn all about creative writing. Be sure to cheer them on and see the ‘before and after’ results of their work! Date & Time: 5 & 6 Dec, 10am – 12pm (for K2 – P1 students in 2016) Limited Seats Available 5 & 6 Dec, 2-4pm (for P2 – P3 students in 2016) Fully Booked Venue: MindChamps Singapore, 480 Lorong 6 Toa Payoh, #17-01 HDB Hub East Wing, S (310480) Fee: $89 per child 5. Thinking Cap Programme Workshops Let your child benefit from MindChamps’ proprietary that meets and goes beyond the requirements in the MOE curriculum. Your child will learn: Creative problem-solving skills Multiple-perspective thinking strategies Goal-setting and time management skills Effective learning techniques that can be applied to the school curriculum And especially for you, the workshops for Primary 3 onwards will feature a video where your child delivers a small speech in appreciation of you. Need we say more? Workshop Details: For P3 – P4 students in 2017 Date: 1 & 2 Dec, 9am – 6pm Fee: $148 per child (Lunch will be provided) For P5 – P6 students in 2017 Date: 5 & 6 Dec Time: 9am – 6pm Fee: $148 per child (Lunch will be provided) Venue: MindChamps Singapore, 480 Lorong 6 Toa Payoh, #17-01 HDB Hub East Wing, S (310480) Visual and Performing Arts for All Ages 6. Photo credit: rwsentosablog Crowned by as the number 1 attraction in Korea (Museum Category), the concept of the Trick Eye Museum uses the special art technique of ‘optical illusions’ that transforms 2D paintings into 3D effect. Singapore is the first stop of Trick Eye Museum’s overseas venture and the museum is located at the hub of local attractions – Resorts World Sentosa. The museum houses around 100 artworks which includes paintings and sculptures. Opening Hours: 10am to 9pm daily Venue: Waterfront @ Resorts World Singapore, 8 Sentosa Gateway, Sentosa Island, S(098138) Fee: $25 for adults/$20 for children and senior citizens 7. Theatrical Presentation Photo credit: SRT’s The Little Company Get entangled in this well-loved classic, the enchanting story of a pig named Wilbur and his friendship with a barn spider named Charlotte. Come watch how Charlotte uses her web-spinning skills to weave messages that praise Wilbur, making him a treasured pig instead of being sent off to the butcher. The play spins a positive message about friendship. Experience this timeless story with the entire family! Date: Showing now till 11 Dec 2016 Venue: KC Arts Centre – Home of the Singapore Repertory Theatre, 20 Merbau Road, S(239035) Fee: Standard $28/$25 (before booking fee); Family tickets of 4 at $95 (booking fee applies) 8. Little Maestros on Classical Music Photo credit: Wolfgang Violin Studio This year’s Little Maestros Concert features 100 young violin and cello wonders from ages 4 to 16, showcasing all levels from their littlest twinkle stars in the Baby Orchestra, to International Competition Winner, Samuel Tan. It is a night of classical fun for the whole family. Date & Time: 1 Dec 2016, 7.30pm Venue: Victoria Concert Hall, 9 Empress Place, S (179556) Fee: $80, $55, $35, $25 (excludes booking fee) Gardening for the Whole Family 9. Garden Harvest With Hort Farmer Photo credit: National Parks Board Enjoy a family gardening day out led by a horticultural expert. Tickets are for one parent and one child, who will be gardening in a pair. Indeed, this will be one great organic harvest for the whole family. Date & Time: 10 Dec 2016 Time: 9.30am Venue: To meet at 9.30am outside Visitor Services Centre, HortPark, 33 Hyderabad Road, S (119578); (Registration is required on the day at the Visitor Service Centre) Fee: $3 for one parent and one child (limited to 10 pairs per session). The Zoo with A Twist 10. Zoo-rassic Park Photo credit: Wildlife Reserves Singapore Step back in time to Zoo-rassic Park to meet over 20 ferocious dinosaurs at the. Marvel at crowd favourites like T-rex, Velociraptor and a host of their prehistoric cousins in lifelike dinosaur animatronics display. Education booths feature specimens to enable your child to learn more about this fascinating period. Date: Every weekend until 18 December 2016 Venue: Singapore Zoo, 80 Mandai Lake Road, S (729826) Fee: Adults $33, Children $22 (discounts are available for online booking). Location Flag Quick Facts Government Parliamentary republic Currency Singapore dollar (SGD) Area 719.9km² Population 5,076,600 (2010 mid-year est.) Language English (official), (official), (official and national), (official) Religion Buddhism, Islam, Christianity, Hinduism,Jainism, Sikhism, Taoism, Confucianism 230V, 50Hz (UK plug) 65 Internet TLD.sg UTC/GMT +8h Emergencies dial 999 (新加坡) is a city-state in. Founded as a British trading colony in 1819, since independence it has become one of the world's most prosperous countries and boasts the world's busiest port. Combining the skyscrapers and subways of a modern, affluent city with a medley of Chinese, Malay and Indian influences and a tropical climate, with tasty food, good shopping and a vibrant night-life scene, this Garden City makes a great stopover or springboard into the region. Singapore is one of the most popular travel destinations in the world for a lot of reasons. One of which is the less stringent entry requirements. Districts [ ] Singapore is a small island country. With a population size of over 5.5 million people it is a very crowded city, second only to as the world's most densely populated country. However, unlike many other densely populated countries, Singapore - with more than 50% of its area covered by greenery and with over 50 major parks and 4 nature reserves - is an enchanting garden city. Large self-contained residential towns have mushroomed all over the island, around the clean and modern city centre. The centre of the city is located in the south — consisting roughly of the Orchard Road shopping area, the Riverside, the new Marina Bay area and also the skyscraper-filled Shenton way financial district known, in acronym-loving Singapore, as the CBD (Central Business District). • (Civic District) — Singapore's colonial core, with museums, statues and theatres, not to mention restaurants, bars and clubs. • — Miles and miles of shopping malls. • — The newest feature of Singapore, dominated by the Marina Bay Sands integrated resort (hotel, casino, shopping mall, convention centre and museum) and the Marina Barrage. The newly opened Gardens by the Bay situated next to Marina Bay Sands integrated resort is a large public garden which house two huge cooled conservatories – the Flower Dome and the Cloud Forest as well as a cluster of gigantic Super Trees. • — Bugis and Kampong Glam are Singapore's old Malay district, now largely taken over by shopping • — The area originally designated for Chinese settlement by Raffles, now a Chinese heritage area popular with tourists. Singapore's largest (arguably only) gay enclave is here too. • — A piece of India to the north of the city core. • — Budget accommodations and Burmese temples within striking distance of the centre. • — The northern part of the island, also known as Woodlands, forms Singapore's residential and industrial hinterlands. Singapore Zoo is located here. • — The western part of the island form Singapore's residential areas with Star Vista. • — Home to Nanyang Technological University and the last housing frontier before the industrial area. Attractions include Singapore Bird Park, Singapore Science Centre and Singapore Discovery Centre. • — Home to many residential towns with a heart of Serangoon NEX, Hougang Mall and Compass Point • — A residential town located in the heartlands, in the far east of the island close to Changi Airport. • — The largely residential eastern part of the island contains Changi Airport, miles and miles of beach and many famous eateries. Also covers Geylang Serai, the true home of Singapore's Malays. • — A separate island once a military fort developed into a resort, Sentosa is the closest that Singapore gets to Disneyland, now with a dash of gambling and Universal Studios thrown in. • — the aspiring north west that goes into the undeveloped jungles, and the military training areas (Ama Keng, Lim Chu Kang, cemeteries, Kranji Camp and SAFTI). Addresses [ ] In the centre, Singapore's addressing system is fairly similar to Western countries (such as 17 Orchard Road), but the new housing developments on the outskirts may appear more intimidating: a typical address might be 'Blk 505 Jurong West St 51 #01-186'. Here, 'Blk 505' is the housing block number (Blk = Block), 'Jurong West' is the area, while 'St 51' is the street name/number, and '#01-186' means floor 1 unit number 186, stall or shop 186. The first digit of both housing block and street number is the neighbourhood's number (in this case 5), making it easier to narrow down the right location. There are also 6-digit postal codes, which, considering the small size of the island, generally correspond to exactly one building. For example, 'Blk 9 Bedok South Ave 2' is 'Singapore 460009'. Finally, you will also encounter Malay terms in addresses: the most common are Jalan ( Jln) for 'Road', Lorong ( Lor) for 'Lane', Bukit ( Bt) for 'Hill' and Kampong ( Kg) for 'Village'. Useful tools for hunting down addresses include, and. Understand [ ] Singapore is a microcosm of Asia, populated by Malays, Chinese, Indians, and a large group of workers and expatriates from all across the globe. Singapore has a partly deserved reputation for sterile predictability that has earned it descriptions like William Gibson's 'Disneyland with the death penalty' or the 'world's only shopping mall with a seat in the United Nations'. Nevertheless, the Switzerland of Asia is for many a welcome respite from the poverty, dirt, chaos, and crime of much of the Southeast Asian mainland, and if you scratch below the squeaky clean surface and get away from the tourist trail you'll soon find more than meets the eye. Singapore overview Singaporean food is legendary, with bustling hawker centres and 24-hour coffee shops offering cheap food from all parts of Asia, and shoppers can bust their baggage allowances in shopping centres like Orchard Road and Suntec City. In recent years some societal restrictions have also loosened up, and now you can bungee jump and dance on bar tops all night long, although alcohol is still very pricey and chewing gum can only be bought from a pharmacy for medical use. Two casino complexes — or 'Integrated Resorts', to use the Singaporean euphemism — opened in 2010 in and as part of Singapore's new Fun and Entertainment drive, the aim being to double the number of tourists visiting and increase the length of time they stay within the country. See Do, Gambling, below. Watch out for more loosening up in the future. History [ ] The first records of Singapore date back to the second and third centuries where a vague reference to its location was found in Greek and Chinese texts, under the names of Sabana and Pu Luo Chung respectively. According to legend, prince Sang Nila Utama landed on the island and, catching sight of a strange creature that he thought was a lion, decided to found a new city he called Singapura, Sanskrit for Lion City, c. Alas, there have never been any lions anywhere near Singapore (until the Singapore Zoo opened) or elsewhere on Malaya in historical times, so the mysterious beast was more probably a tiger or wild boar. More historical records indicate that the island was settled at least two centuries earlier and was known as Temasek, Javanese for 'Sea Town', and an important port for the Srivijaya kingdom. However, Srivijaya fell around 1400 and Temasek, battered by the feuding kingdoms of and the Majapahit, fell into obscurity. As Singapura, it then briefly regained importance as a trading centre for the Melaka Sultanate and later, the Johor Sultanate. However, Portuguese raiders then destroyed the settlement and Singapura faded into obscurity once more. The story of Singapore as we know it today began in 1819, when Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles made a deal with a claimant to the throne of the Sultanate of: the British would support his claim in exchange for the right to set up a trading post on the island. Though the Dutch initially protested, the signing of the Anglo-Dutch treaty in 1824, which separated the Malay world into British and Dutch spheres of influence (resulting in the current - and Singapore-Indonesia borders), ended the conflict. The Dutch renounced their claim to Singapore and ceded their colony in to the British, in exchange for the British ceding their colonies on to the Dutch. Yawning proboscis monkey, Well-placed at the entrance to the Straits of Malacca, straddling the trade routes between China, India, Europe, and Australia, Raffles' master stroke was to declare Singapore a free port, with no duties charged on trade. As traders flocked to escape onerous Dutch taxes, the trading post soon grew into one of Asia's busiest, drawing people from far and wide. Along with and, Singapore became one of the Straits Settlements and a jewel in the British colonial crown. Its economic fortunes received a further boost when palm oil and rubber from neighbouring Malaya were processed and shipped out via Singapore. In 1867, Singapore was formally split off from British India and made into a directly ruled Crown Colony. When World War II broke out, Fortress Singapore was seen as a formidable British base, with massive naval fortifications guarding against assault by sea. However, not only did the fortress lack a fleet, as all ships were tied up defending Britain from the Germans, but the Japanese wisely chose to cross Malaya by bicycle instead! Despite hastily turning the guns around, this was something the sea-focused British commanders had not considered, and on 15 Feb 1942, with supplies critically low after less than a week of fighting, Singapore was forced to surrender. The British prisoners of war were packed off to Changi Prison. Tens of thousands perished in the subsequent brutal Japanese occupation. The return of the British in 1945 to one of their most favoured colonies was triumphalist. Granted self-rule in 1955, Singapore briefly joined the Federation in 1963 when the British left, but was expelled because the Chinese-majority city was seen as a threat to Malay dominance. The island became independent on 9 August 1965, thus becoming the only country to gain independence against its own will in the history of the modern world! The subsequent forty years rule by Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew saw Singapore's economy boom, with the country rapidly becoming one of the wealthiest and most developed in Asia despite its lack of natural resources, earning it a place as one of the four East Asian Tigers. Now led by Lee's son Lee Hsien Loong, the ruling People's Action Party (PAP) continues to dominate the political scene with 81 out of 87 seats in Parliament. Societal restrictions have been loosened up in recent years though, with the government trying to shake off its staid image, and it remains to be seen how the delicate balancing act between political control and social freedom will play out. Hawkers at night on Smith Street, Chinatown Singapore prides itself on being a multi-racial country, and has a diverse culture despite its small size. The largest group are the Chinese, who form about 75% of the population. Amongst the Chinese, Southern Min/Min Nan (including Teochew and Hainanese) and Cantonese speakers are the largest subgroups, with Mandarin acting as the lingua franca of the community. Other notable 'dialect' groups among the Chinese include the Hakkas and Fuzhounese. There is also a strong presence of mainland Chinese in Singapore after the Singapore government opened up the immigration policy for mainland Chinese since mainland China started its economic reforms since the 1980s, resulting in the new wave of immigration of mainland Chinese to Singapore during the late 20th century. The mainland Chinese in Singapore speak Mandarin. Malays, who are comprised of descendants of Singapore's original inhabitants as well as migrants from present day Malaysia, Indonesia and Brunei, form about 14% of the population. Indians form about 9% of the population. Among the Indians, Tamils form the largest group by far, though there are also a significant numbers of speakers of other Indian languages such as Hindi, Malayalam and Punjabi. The remainder are a mix of many other cultures, most notably the Eurasians who are of mixed European and Asian descent, and also a handful of Burmese, Japanese, Thais and many others. Slightly over one-third of Singapore's residents are not citizens. Singapore is also religiously diverse, with no religious group forming a majority. Religious freedom is guaranteed by the constitution of Singapore. Buddhism is the largest religion with about 33% of the population declaring themselves Buddhist. Other religions which exist in significant numbers include Christianity, Islam, Hinduism and Taoism. In addition to the 'big five', there are also much smaller numbers of Sikhs, Zoroastrians, Jews, Baha'is and Jains. Some 17% of Singaporeans profess to have no religious affiliation. Climate [ ] Climate Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec High (°C) 30.1 31.2 31.6 31.7 31.6 31.3 30.9 30.9 30.9 31.1 30.6 30.0 Low (°C) 23.3 23.6 23.9 24.4 24.8 24.8 24.6 24.5 24.2 24.1 23.7 23.5 Precipitation (cm) 24.32 15.99 18.57 17.89 17.13 16.21 15.87 17.54 16.92 19.38 25.69 28.74 Between May and October, forest fires in neighbouring cause dense haze that regularly reaches unhealthy levels - although it is unpredictable and may come and go rapidly. Check the for current data. In general, Singapore is best avoided from June to October if you have chronic heart or lung conditions or you simply don't want to suffer unhealthy pollution. As Singapore is located a mere 1.5 degrees north of the Equator, its weather is usually sunny with no distinct seasons. Rain falls almost daily throughout the year, usually in sudden, heavy showers that rarely last longer than an hour. However, most rainfall occurs during the north east monsoon (November to January), occasionally featuring lengthy spells of continuous rain. Spectacular thunderstorms can occur throughout the year, any time during the day, so it's wise to carry an umbrella at all times, both as a shade from the sun or cover from the rain. The temperature averages around: • 29.5°C (85.1°F) daytime, 22.5°C (72.5°F) at night in December and January. An occasional low of 21°C (69.8°F) can also be expected. • 32°C (89.6°F) daytime, 24°C (82.4°F) at night for the rest of the year. The temperature usually hovers around the 28°C (82.4°F) mark. The temperatures are relatively high in the day, as expected in a tropical country, but windy conditions are expected at night. Bear in mind that spending more than about one hour outdoors can be very exhausting, especially if combined with moderate exercise. Singaporeans themselves shun the heat, and for a good reason. Many live in air-conditioned flats, work in air-conditioned offices, take the air-conditioned metro to air-conditioned shopping malls connected to each other by underground tunnels where they shop, eat, and exercise in air-conditioned fitness clubs. Holidays [ ] Singapore is officially secular but due to its multicultural population, Singapore celebrates Chinese, Buddhist, Hindu, Muslim, Indian, and Christian holidays. New Year decorations, Chinatown The year kicks off with a bang on 1 Jan and New Year, celebrated in Singapore just as in the West with a fireworks show and parties at every nightspot in town. Particularly famous are the wet and wild foam parties on the beaches of resort island — at least those years when the authorities deign to permit such relative debauchery. Lunar New Year dates The year of the Horse started on 31 Jan 2014 • The year of the Goat will begin on 19 Feb 2015 • The year of the Monkey will begin on 8 Feb 2016 • The year of the Rooster will begin on 28 Jan 2017 Due to the influence of the Chinese majority, arguably the largest event is Chinese New Year (农历新年) or, more politically correctly, Lunar New Year, usually held in February. While this might seem to be an ideal time to visit, many smaller shops and eateries close for 2-3 days during the period, though supermarkets, department stores and high end restaurants remain open. The whole festival stretches out for no less than 42 days, but the frenzied buildup to the peak occurs just before the night of the new moon, with exhortations of gong xi fa cai (恭喜发财 'congratulations and prosper'), red tinsel, mandarin oranges and the year's zodiac animal emblazoned everywhere and crowds of shoppers queuing in, where there are also extensive street decorations to add spice to the festive mood. The two following days are spent with family and most of the island comes to a standstill, and then life returns to normal. Except for the final burst of Chingay, a colourful parade down Orchard Road held ten days later. Gong xi fa cai Singapore style There are a few twists to the Singapore way of celebrating Chinese New Year, particularly the food, which bears little resemblance to the steamy hotpots of northern China. The top dish is bak kwa (肉干), sweet barbecued pork, followed closely by yu sheng (魚生), a salad of shredded vegetables and raw fish enthusiastically tossed into the air by all present. Favourite desserts are crumbly sweet pineapple tarts and gooey steamed nian gao (年糕) cakes. Red packets of money (红包 ang pow) are still handed out generously, but unlike in China, in Singapore you only need to start paying up once married. On the fifth day of the fifth month of the Chinese calendar, the Dragon Boat Festival (端午节) is celebrated to commemorate a Chinese folk hero. As part of the celebrations, rice dumplings, which in Singapore are sometimes wrapped in pandan leaves instead of the original bamboo leaves, are usually eaten. In addition, dragon boat races are often held at the Singapore River on this day. The seventh month of the Chinese lunar calendar — usually August — starts off with a puff of smoke, as 'hell money' is burned and food offerings are made to please the spirits of ancestors who are said to return to earth at this time. The climax on the 15th day of the lunar calendar is the Hungry Ghost Festival (中元节), when the living get together to stuff themselves and watch plays and Chinese opera performances. Following soon afterwards, the Mid-Autumn Festival (中秋节) on the 15th day of the 8th lunar month (Sep/Oct) is also a major event, with elaborate lantern decorations — particularly in Jurong's — and moon cakes filled with red bean paste, nuts, and more consumed merrily. The Hindu festival of lights, Diwali, known locally as Deepavali, is celebrated around October or November and is brightly decorated for the occasion. At around January-February, one may witness the celebration of Thaipusam, a Tamil Hindu festival in which male devotees would carry a kavadi, an elaborate structure which pierces through various parts of his body, and join a procession from the Sri Srinivasa Perumal Temple in Little India to the Sri Thandayuthapani Temple in Tank Road. Female devotees usually join the procession carrying pots of milk instead. About one week before Deepavali is Thimithi, the fire-walking festival where one can see male devotees walking on burning coals at the Sri Mariamman Temple in Chinatown. The Islamic month of Ramadan and Eid-ul-Fitr or Hari Raya Puasa as it is called here, is a major occasion in Malay parts of town, particularly Geylang Serai on the, which is lit up with extensive decorations during the period. Another festival celebrated by the Malays is Eid-ul-Adha, known locally as Hari Raya Haji, which is the period when Muslims make the trip to Mecca to perform in Hajj. In local mosques, lambs contributed by the faithful are sacrificed and their meat is used to feed the poor. The Buddhist Vesak Day, celebrating the birthday of the Buddha Sakyamuni, plus the Christian holidays of Christmas Day, for which Orchard road is extensively decorated, and Good Friday round out the list of holidays. A more secular celebration occurs on 9 Aug, National Day, when fluttering flags fill Singapore and a spectacular National Day Parade is held to celebrate Singapore's independence. Events [ ] Singapore holds each year. Some of its famous festivals and events include the Singapore Food Festival, the Singapore Grand Prix, the Singapore Arts Festival, the Chingay Parade, the World Gourmet Summit and ZoukOut. The Singapore Sun Festival is another popular festival in Singapore, with 2010's line-up featuring renowned stars such as David Foster, Natalie Cole, Jose Carreras and Sharon Stone. Christmas is also widely celebrated in Singapore, a season where the city streets and shopping malls along its famous shopping belt Orchard Road are lit up and decorated in vibrant colours. In addition, the Singapore Jewel Festival attracts numerous tourists every year, and is a display of precious gems, famous jewels and masterpieces from international jewellers and designers. Ultra Singapore ( 客路新加坡ULTRA 电音节),. The Singapore Edition of the ULTRA Music Festival comes to the city around June. The 2017 festival will be held on June and features Kygo and Afrojack Many Price tiers. Singapore Airlines A380 Each time you enter Singapore you will need to fill an immigration card. Carefully keep it after immigration clearance, for you have to return it when you exit. If you plan to visit nearby Malaysia or Indonesia, you have to repeat this process for each time you exit and re-enter. Do not worry on what to put in the 'exit port', just put the city you will return to on your final flight. Most nationalities can enter Singapore without a visa for up to 30 days. Exceptions and modifications to the rule are listed below: Nationals of all member states,,,, and the can enter Singapore without a visa for up to 90 days. Nationals of,,, (PRC),,,,,,,,,, and will need to apply for a visa online or at the nearest Singaporean High Commission, Embassy or Consulate. Nationals of,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, and will need to apply for a visa at the nearest Singaporean Diplomatic Mission. Refer to the for current guidelines. Singapore has very strict drug laws, and drug trafficking carries a mandatory death penalty — which is applied to everyone, including foreigners. Even if you technically haven't entered Singapore and are merely transiting (eg changing flights without the need to clear passport control and customs) while in possession of drugs, you would still be hanged by the neck until dead on the next Friday after your sentencing (unless sentenced or your appeal against sentence refused on a Tuesday, Wednesday or Thursday or if you are a foreigner when your consulate is given at least 7 days notice). The paranoid might also like to note that in Singapore, it is an offence even to have any drug metabolites in your system, even if they were consumed outside of Singapore. Customs occasionally perform spot urine tests at the airport. In addition, bringing in explosives or firearms without a permit is also a hanging offence in Singapore. Therefore, REFUSE if asked by anyone you don't know or barely know (such as a new 'friend' or travel partner you met while staying in a hostel) to transport their luggage or package or to check it in (to an airline, bus company or the train to Malaysia) for them on your luggage allowance. If caught you will be the one who will be penalized for any contraband found inside. Definite red flag if offered a hefty compensation to transport the unknown item. No amount of money offered is worth the chance. Malaysia also has very strict drug laws which carry the mandatory death penalty, similar to Singapore. Bring prescriptions for any medicines you may have with you, and obtain prior permission from the before bringing in any sedatives (eg Valium/diazepam) or strong painkillers (eg codeine). Hippie types may expect a little extra attention from Customs, but getting a shave and a haircut is no longer a condition for entry. Duty free allowances for alcohol are 1L each of wine, beer and spirits, and the 1L of spirits may be substituted with 1L of wine or beer, unless you are entering from Malaysia. Travellers entering from Malaysia are not entitled to any duty free allowance. Alcohol may not be brought in by persons under the age of 18. There is no duty free allowance for cigarettes: all cigarettes legally sold in Singapore are stamped 'SDPC', and smokers caught with unmarked cigarettes may be fined $500 per pack. (In practice, though, bringing in one opened pack is usually tolerated.) If you declare your cigarettes or excess booze at customs, you can opt to pay the tax or let the customs officers keep the cigarettes until your departure. The import of chewing gum for resale is technically illegal, and in practice customs officers would not bother with a reasonable quantity brought in for personal consumption. Pornography, pirated goods and publications by the Jehovah's Witnesses and the Unification Church may not be imported to Singapore, and baggage is scanned at air, land and sea entry points. In theory, all entertainment media including movies and video games must be sent to the Board of Censors for approval before they can be brought into Singapore, but that is rarely if ever enforced for original (non-pirated) goods. Pirated CDs or DVDs, on the other hand, can land you fines of up to $1000 per disc. By plane [ ] Singapore is one of Southeast Asia's largest aviation hubs, so unless you're coming from or / in Indonesia, the easiest way to enter Singapore is by air. In addition to flag-carrier and its regional subsidiary, Singapore is also home to low-cost carriers, and. In addition to the locals, every carrier of any size in Asia offers flights to Singapore, with pan-Asian discount carrier and Malaysian regional operator operating dense networks from Singapore. There are also direct services to Europe, the Middle East, Australia, New Zealand, North America, and even South Africa. Singapore is particularly popular on the 'Kangaroo Route' between Australia and Europe, with airlines like,,, and using Singapore as the stopover point. Changi Airport [ ] As befits the country's main airport's major regional hub status, (: SIN) and officially the ' airport in the world' (see ) is big, pleasant and well organized, with immigration and baggage distribution remarkably fast. The airport is split into three main terminals (T1, T2 and T3). Figuring out which terminal your flight arrives in or departs from can be complicated: for example, Singapore Airlines uses both T2 and T3, and only announces the arrival terminal two hours before landing. Fortunately transfers are quite easy, as the three main terminals are connected with the free Skytrain service, which can be used without passing through immigration. Terminal 1 is physically connected to Terminals 2 and 3. By walking that you will not notice you're in a different terminal except by reading the signs. Your departing terminal is more straightforward as Singapore Airlines designates T2 as departures for destinations in South East Asia, the Indian subcontinent, the Middle East and Africa while all other destinations will use T3. When you return to the airport and are leaving Singapore via Singapore Airlines, be sure to at least tell the driver your destination so he knows which terminal to take you to. Unlike most other airports, there are no separate zones for departing and arriving passengers in the main terminals prior to passport control hence arriving passengers are free to shop and eat at the airside establishments if they are not in a hurry to meet someone or catch prearranged transportation. In addition, if they have no luggage checked-in from their point of origin, they can clear passport control at any other terminal. If you have over 5h to spare there are free city tours five times a day departing from the airport. To register for any of the tours, simply approach the staff at the Free Singapore Tours (FST) Registration Booth located in: • Terminal 2: Near the escalators to North Arrival Immigration and Skytrain station at Transit Mall North, Level 2 (Near Transfer Lounge E) • Terminal 3: Next to Transfer Lounge B at Transit Mall North, level 2 • If you are at Terminal 1, you can proceed to Terminal 2 for registration. Even if stuck in the airport, there are plenty of ways to kill time, as each terminal has a unique design and the airside areas of T1, T2, and T3 are attractions in themselves. T2, arguably the most interesting, has an indoor garden, a music listening area with couches and mood lighting, a computer gaming room, a small movie theatre, paid massage services, and of course plenty of duty-free shops. T3, the newest, has a butterfly garden and plenty of natural light, but fewer entertainment options. T1 has a swimming pool for $13.91 and jacuzzi, both open until 23:00. You can travel between the main terminals without passing through immigration and, if you have no checked-in luggage to collect, you can clear passport control and customs at any terminal. In all terminals, internet access is provided free of charge, both wirelessly and via some 200 terminals and kiosks, there are some Xbox systems set up to keep gamers entertained, and there's live lounge music at times. There are also SingTel and Starhub payphones that offer unlimited free local calls. ATMs abound and money changers offer reasonable rates as well, although you pay a small premium compared to the city. Food options are varied and generally reasonably priced, with some choice picks including the Peranakan-themed Soup Restaurant (T2 landside), which serves much more than just soup, and Sakae Sushi (T2 airside). If you're up for a little adventure, seek out the staff canteen at level 3M of the car park next to T2, it's open to the public (with discounts for airport staff) and serves local food. It is relatively cheap compared to other food options in the airport but not exactly cheap compared to elsewhere in Singapore. There are also staff canteens in Terminals 1 and 3. Terminals T1, T2 and T3 all have airside (ie accessible without passing through immigration) transit hotels. ☎ +65 6541 9106 or book on-line via the. A 6h 'block' for a single/double/triple costs $73.56/82.39/110.35, budget singles (shared bathroom) $51.50, extensions $17.65 per hour. You can rent a shower (without a room) to freshen up for $8.40. The also offer a basic but functional gym with shower for $8.40 with a Singapore Airlines boarding pass. Project Jewel was announced in August 2013 - a new terminal structure intended as a mix-use complex situated on a 3.5 hectare site where the Terminal 1 car park now resides. Essentially a new multi-storey underground car park will replace the existing facilities, while an indoor garden, with a waterfall, is built above. The new building will sit between the three existing terminal buildings, enabling passengers to transfer via the new complex, whilst being an attraction and shopping destination in itself. The design will consist of a circular structure, reminiscent of a doughnut, with a large garden located at the centre and water falling from the edge of the circular atrium opening. As part of the project, Terminal 1 will be expanded to allow more space for the arrival hall, baggage claim areas and taxi bays. These enhancements will increase T1’s passenger handling capacity to 24 million passenger movements per annum. From the airport there are a number of ways to get into the city: • The, is a 24-hour counter located in the Arrival Hall of each terminal. It offers flat fee transport options to any destination in Singapore, which is a pretty good deal especially when the taxi queue is long or after midnight(beat the queue, skip the surcharge). Simply visit the Ground Transport Desk located at the arrival hall of each terminal to book. Options include: •: Shuttle service will bring you directly to the doorstep of designated downtown hotels. Available 24/7, this is a convenient and affordable option (Adult $9 l Children $6). Departs every 15-30min. • 4-seater or 7-seater vehicle: a 4-seater is $55, and 7-seater is $60 per trip to any destination in Singapore. • Limousines: charge a flat $50 to any destination in Singapore. • Taxi is easy - simply follow the signs after clearing customs. Meters are always used in Singapore and prices are reasonable. A trip to the city during the day will be between $20-30 including $3-5 airport surcharge. An additional 50% surcharge applies between midnight and 06:00. • Subway - MRT trains run from a station between T2 and T3, but you'll need to change trains at Tanah Merah to a city-bound train: just exit through the left hand side door and cross the platform. The 40min ride to City Hall station costs $2.30 (plus $0.10 non-refundable deposit) and trains run 05:31-23:18. Trains from Tanah Merah to the city tend to be very crowded during peak hours, and it is unlikely to have seats. • Bus - Bus terminals can be found in the basements of T1, T2 and T3. 06:00-23:59 only. Fares are less than $2.00, exact fare required (no change given) if you pay cash. Seletar Airport [ ] Seletar Airport (: XSP), completed in 1928 and first used for civil aviation in 1930, is Singapore's first airport. While later airports like Kallang and Paya Lebar have been closed and turned into a military airbase respectively, Seletar is still in use to this day. Currently, Seletar Airport is only used for general aviation, so if you're flying your own aircraft to Singapore, you'll most probably land here. The only practical means of access to Seletar is by taxi and trips from the airport incur a $3 surcharge. The Causeway, with on the other side Singapore is linked by two land crossings to Peninsular Malaysia: The Causeway is a very popular and thus terminally congested entry point connecting Woodlands in the north of Singapore directly into the heart of. While congestion isn't as bad as it once was, the Causeway is still jam-packed on Friday evenings (towards Malaysia) and Sunday evenings (towards Singapore). The Causeway can be crossed by bus, train, taxi or car, but it is no longer feasible to cross on foot after Malaysia shifted their customs and immigration complex 2km inland. A second crossing between Malaysia and Singapore, known as the Second Link, has been built between Tuas in western Singapore and Tanjung Kupang in the western part of state. Much faster and less congested than the Causeway, it is used by some of the luxury bus services to and is strongly recommended if you have your own car. There is only one infrequent bus across the Second Link, and only Malaysian 'limousine' taxis are allowed to cross it (and charge RM150 and up for the privilege). Walking across is also not allowed, not that there would be any practical means to continue the journey from either end if you did. Driving into Singapore with a foreign-registered car is rather complicated and expensive; see the Land Transport Authority's for the administrative details. Peninsular Malaysia-registered cars need to show that they have valid road tax and Malaysian insurance coverage. Other foreign cars need a Vehicle Registration Certificate, customs document ( Carnet de Passages en Douane), vehicle insurance purchased from a Singapore-based insurance company and an International Circulation Permit. All foreign registered cars and motorcycles can be driven in Singapore for a maximum of 10 days in each calendar year without paying Vehicle Entry Permit (VEP) fees, but after the 10 free days have been utilised, you will need to pay a VEP fee of up to $35/day. Go through immigration first and get your passport stamped. Then follow the Red Lane to buy the AutoPass ($10) from the LTA office. At the parking area, an LTA officer will verify your car, road tax and insurance cover note and issue you a small chit of paper which you take to the LTA counter to buy your AutoPass and rent an In-vehicle Unit (IU) for road pricing charges (or opt to pay a flat $5/day fee instead). Once that is done, proceed to customs where you will have to open the boot for inspection. After that, you are free to go anywhere in Singapore. Any VEP fees, road pricing charges and tolls will be deducted from your AutoPass when you exit Singapore. This is done by slotting the AutoPass into the reader at the immigration counter while you get your passport stamped. Driving into Malaysia from Singapore is relatively uncomplicated, although small tolls are charged for both crossing and (for the Second Link) the adjoining expressway. In addition, Singapore-registered vehicles are required to have their fuel tanks at least 3/4 full before leaving Singapore. Do be sure to change some ringgit before crossing, as Singapore dollars are accepted only at the unfavourable rate of 1:1. Moreover, be prepared for longer queues as Malaysia introduced a biometric system for foreigners wishing to enter that country (see article). In both directions, car hire agencies often prohibit their vehicles from crossing the border or charge extra. By bus [ ] Direct to/from Malaysian destinations There are buses to/from and many other destinations in Malaysia through the Woodlands Checkpoint and the Second Link at Tuas. Unfortunately, there is no central bus terminal and different companies leave from all over the city. Major operators include: • KKKL, ☎ +65 6348 6909,. No frills, but the buses have good legroom, provide Free Wifi service on board and use the Second Link. Its departure point at Katong V, Marine Parade provides convenience to Changi Airport arrival passengers and residents in the East area of Singapore From $30 one-way. • Aeroline, ☎ +65 6258 8800,. Luxury buses with meal on-board, power sockets, lounge area etc, to Kuala Lumpur and. Departures from HarbourFront Centre. From $47 one-way. • First Coach, ☎ +65 6822 2111,. No frills, but the buses have good legroom and use the Second Link. Another selling point is convenient public transport: buses depart from Novena Square (Novena MRT) in Singapore and arrive right next to Bangsar LRT in Kuala Lumpu, $33/55 single/return. • NiCE, ☎ +5,. Over 20 daily departures from Kuala Lumpur's old railway station. Double-decker NiCE 2 buses (27 seats) RM80, luxury NiCE++ buses (18 seats) RM88. Departures from Copthorne Orchid Hotel on Dunearn Rd. • Transnasional, ☎ +60 2 6294 7034 (Malaysia),. Malaysia's largest bus operator, offers direct buses from Singapore through the peninsula. Departures from Lavender St. Executive/economy buses MYR80/35. • Transtar, ☎ +65 6299 9009,. Transtar's sleeper-equipped Solitaire ($63) and leather-seated First Class ($49) coaches are currently the best around with frills like massaging chairs, onboard attendants, video on demand and even wifi. More plebeian SuperVIP/Executive buses are $25/39, direct service to and also available. Departures from Golden Mile Complex, Beach Rd (near Lavender MRT). Most other operators have banded together in two shared booking portals. Many, but by no means all, use the Golden Mile Complex shopping mall near as their Singapore terminal. • redBus Singapore, ☎ +8 (),. RedBus singapore includes many destinations bus tickets. • Bus Online Ticket,. Lots of bus companies, including major operator Fivestars Express, Golden Coach Express, Delima Express, 707 Express and AirAsia-affiliated StarMart. • Easybook, ☎ +65 6444 0745,. Six bus companies including major budget operator Konsortium. In general, the more you pay, the faster and more comfortable your trip. More expensive buses leave on time, use the Second Link, and don't stop along the way; while the cheapest buses leave late if at all, use the perpetually jammed Causeway and make more stops. Book early for popular departure times like Friday and Sunday evening, Chinese New Year, etc, and factor in some extra time for congestion at the border. An alternative to taking a direct 'international bus' is to make the short hop to to catch domestic Malaysian long-distance express buses to various Malaysian destinations from the. Besides having more options, fares may also be lower because you will be paying in Malaysian ringgit rather than Singaporean dollars. The downside is the time-consuming hassle of first getting to Johor Bahru and then getting to Larkin terminal on the outskirts of town. Map of Singapore, with MRT lines and key attractions Getting around Singapore is easy: the public transportation system is extremely easy to use and taxis are reasonably priced when you can get one. Very few visitors rent cars. Does a pretty good job of figuring out the fastest route by MRT and bus and even estimating taxi fares between any two points. If you are staying in Singapore for some time or are planning to return to Singapore several times in the future, the contactless RFID farecard or a Nets Flash Pay card might be a worthwhile purchase. Those who are familiar with Hong Kong's Octopus card, London Underground's Oyster card, Washington DC's SmarTrip card or Japan Railway's IC cards will quickly understand the concept of the EZ-link and NETS FlashPay card. You can store value on it and use it on the MRT trains as well as all city buses at a 15% discount. The card costs $12, including $7 stored value, and the card can be 'topped up' in increments of at least $10 at the farecard vending machines or 7-Eleven stores (the latter will allow a top-up for a convenience fee). You can use the same card for 5 years. The card technology was changed in 2009, but if you have any old cards lying around, they can be exchanged for free with value intact at TransitLink offices in all MRT stations. Alternatively, available at selected major MRT stations (including Changi Airport and Orchard) also includes ez-link card functionality and a variety of discounts for attractions. The pass includes unlimited travel on MRT and non-premium buses, and costs $10 for 1 day, $16 for 2 days, or $20 for 3 days (together with a $10 rental deposit refunded if this card is returned within 5 days after purchase). The passes are valid until the end of operating hours on the day they expire. Single tickets can be purchased for both MRT and buses. In the case of buses it delays everyone else because the driver has to count fare stages to tell you how much you need to pay. In addition, no change is given for the bus and you will need to buy a separate ticket if you intend to transfer to another bus later in your journey. Have been available since July 2010. All commuters will be charged a fare according to the total distance travelled, on the bus, LRT and MRT, and make transfers without incurring additional cost. MRT system map The MRT (Mass Rapid Transit) and LRT (Light Rail Transit) are trains that are the main trunk of Singapore's transit system. They are a cheap and very reliable mode of transportation, and the network covers most points of interest for the visitor. EZ-link or Nets FlashPay farecards (described above) are the easiest and most popular ways to use the MRT. All lines are seamlessly integrated, even if the lines are operated by different transport companies, so you do not need to buy a new ticket to transfer. All train lines use contactless RFID tickets. Just tap to scan your train ticket at the gantry when entering and exiting the train service area. Single-trip tickets are purchased from ticket machines located before the gantries and cost from $0.80 to $2.20. A $0.10 deposit is charged when purchasing a new ticket card. The deposit is refunded in double through a $0.10 fare reduction each on the 3rd and 6th trip made with the card. To load a new ticket onto an existing card at a ticket machine, just place it on the designated spot and follow the on-screen instructions. Bumboat sailing on the past the Esplanade Theatres Tourist-oriented bumboats cruise the, offering point-to-point rides starting from $3 and cruises with nice views of the CBD skyscraper skyline starting from $13. Bumboats also shuttle passengers from Changi Village to ($2.50 one-way), a small island off Singapore's northeast coast which is about as close as Singapore gets to unhurried rural living. By car [ ] Car rental is not a popular option in Singapore. It is also hardly necessary for tourists since public transport sufficiently covers all areas of the island with a significant population base. You will usually be looking at upwards for $100 per day for the smallest vehicle from the major rental companies, although local ones can be cheaper and there are sometimes good weekend prices available. This does not include gas at around $1.80/litre or electronic road pricing (ERP) fees, and you'll usually need to pay extra to drive to. If planning on touring Malaysia by car, it makes much more sense to head across the border to, where both rentals and petrol are half price, and you have the option of dropping your car off elsewhere in the country. This also avoids the unwelcome extra attention that Singapore-registered plates tend to get from thieves in Malaysia. One rental company called offers electric vehicle rentals. With a $19 registration fee, you can rent the electric car from 15 minutes to a full day. Since the cars are battery powered, you save on the cost of gas. They offer their service in the Buona Vista area of Singapore. Roads in Singapore are in excellent condition and driving habits are generally good with most people following the traffic rules due to stringent enforcement, though road courtesy tends to be sorely lacking. Compared to other major cities around the world like, or, parking spaces are comparatively easier to find in the city centre of Singapore, although peak hour congestion can be quite severe. Foreign licences in English are valid in Singapore for up to a year from your date of entry, after which you will have to convert your foreign license to a Singapore one. Foreign licences not in English must be accompanied by an International Driving Permit (IDP) or an official English translation (usually available from your embassy) for them to be valid. Singaporeans drive on the left (UK style) and the driving age is 18. The speed limit is only 90km/h on expressways and 60km/h on other roads. ERP payments require a stored-value CashCard, which is usually arranged by the rental agency, but it's your responsibility to ensure it has enough value. ERP gantries are activated at different times, usually in the expected direction of most cars. As a rule of thumb, gantries found in roads leading to the CBD are activated during the morning rush hour while gantries found in roads exiting the CBD are activated during the evening rush hour. Passing through an active ERP gantry with insufficient value will mean that an alert is sent to your registered address. You will need to pay an administrative fee in addition to the difference between the remaining amount and the actual charge. You have a limited time to settle this otherwise your penalty becomes heavier. All passengers must wear seatbelts and using a phone while driving is banned. Drink-driving is not tolerated: the maximum blood alcohol content is 0.08%, with roadblocks set up at night to catch offenders, who are heavily fined and possibly jailed. Even if your blood alcohol level does not exceed the legal limit, you can still be charged with drink driving if the police are convinced that your ability to control the vehicle has been compromised by the presence of alcohol (i.e. If you get involved in an accident). The police do conduct periodic roadblocks and speed cameras are omnipresent. Fines will be sent by mail to you or your rental agency, who will then pass on the cost with a surcharge. If stopped for a traffic offense, don't even think about trying to bribe your way out. By thumb [ ] is virtually unheard of in Singapore, and given the size of the country and its cheap, ubiquitous public transport, it's hardly necessary. Plus, it's also highly illegal. By bicycle [ ] Using bicycles as a substitute for public transport is certainly possible, although there's little cycling culture and amenities like bike lanes or bike racks are a rarity. While the city is small and its landscape is flat, it can be difficult to predict how ridable a route will be without scoping it out first. Buses, taxis, and motorists stopping to drop off or pick up passengers rarely check for cyclists before merging back onto the roadway, which makes certain routes especially treacherous. The ubiquitous road works around Singapore can also make cycling more hazardous when temporary road surfaces are not kept safe for biking, portable traffic barriers make it hard for vehicles to see cyclists, and construction crews directing traffic are unsure of how to deal with cyclists on the roadway. Air quality can also be a problem. According to Singapore's LTA, Singapore has more than 178,000 diesel powered cars, taxis, buses, and trucks, which can make biking on Singapore's crowded roads very unpleasant. When the thick smoke from Indonesian fires descends on Singapore, air quality plummets even further. This period usually arrives during the mid year when Indonesia performs the 'slash and burn' method of removing waste crops. There are few bike lanes in Singapore, and none in the city centre. The 2010 campaign, '1.5M Matters' seems to have had little effect on the driving habits of Singaporeans, who often pass uncomfortably close to cyclists. But that may be because of the lack of a bicycle lane on the roads and motorists are very often forced to swerve into the adjacent lane in order to avoid hitting a cyclist. 22 cyclists were killed on Singapore roadways in 2008; the next year, 19. According to the Singapore 'Ride of Silence' two cyclists are hit by motor vehicles every day in Singapore. Cycling on the pavements is illegal and carries a $10-30 fine. Small folding bicycles may be taken on the MRT during certain times of the day, but large bicycles are a no-no. Bicycles may cross the Causeway to Malaysia (on motorbike lanes), but are not allowed on expressways. (Park Connecting Networks) also lists 'pit stops'. Cycling in the East Coast Park is a favourite pastime for many of the locals on weekends and is also a very good way to see the eastern coast of Singapore. Cycles are available for rental at one of the many pit stops all over the east coast park. The cycles can be rented at any one of the pit stops and returned at any of the other shops. • Wan Sports Services, 55 Bussorah St, 199471 ( behind Sultan Mosque), ☎ +65 8246 7971,. Bicycle rental with end to end services from delivery to collection offering mountain, folding and city bikes. Supplies each customer with a detailed map/trip log showing biking trails, parks, landmarks. They recommend Arab Street for cycling activities because of its proximity to Chinatown, Little India, Orchard Road, Clark Quay, East Coast Park, Marina Barrage, Gardens by the Bay, Labrador Park, Sentosa Island and many other interesting and historical places for sight-seeing. On foot [ ] Singapore is generally fairly 'pedestrian-friendly'. In the main business district and on main roadways, pavements and pedestrian crossings are in good shape and plentiful. Drivers are mindful of marked crossing zones, but are less likely be aware or respectful of pedestrians crossing at street corners on less busy streets where pedestrian crossings are not marked, even though by law any accident between a pedestrian and a vehicle is presumed to be the driver's fault. In residential areas of Singapore, pedestrians can be frustrated by narrow and poorly-maintained pavements that often jump from one side of the street to the other or just disappear, and frequently are obstructed by trash cans and plantings. Jaywalking is illegal and punishable with fines of $25 and up to three months in jail. This is, however, rarely (if ever) enforced. Classic walks in Singapore include walking from the Merlion through the Quays, trekking along the or just strolling around,. An unavoidable downside, though, is the tropical heat and humidity, which leaves many visitors sweaty and exhausted, so bring along a handkerchief and a bottle of water. It's best to get an early start, pop into air-conditioned shops, cafes, and museums to cool off, and plan on heading back to the shopping mall or hotel pool before noon. Alternatively, after sundown, evenings can also be comparatively cool. On kick scooter [ ] Kick scooters are a good alternative to walking, taking less than a quarter of the time depending on the distance you are going. They're especially useful for getting around the visiting places like Clarke Quay, Boat Quay, Parliament House, Supreme Court, the Merlion and the War Memorial Park, where everything is in walking distance but walking feels a little dreadful. Kick scooters are a convenient way of getting around, especially when combined with public transport. It's much easier to take a kick scooter on the MRT, compared to a foldable bicycle. As opposed to bicycles, kick scooters are allowed on pedestrian walkways, as long as you are mindful of other pedestrians around you. On motorcycles [ ] You can also rent motorcycles to ride around the city and even to Malaysia. Find those rentals with comprehensive insurance in Singapore and Malaysia. Do take note that your driving licence from your home country is in English, otherwise an international driver's licence is needed. Helmets are compulsory when riding motorcycles in Singapore. • Harley-Davidson of Singapore, 253 Alexandra Road,Postal code 159936, ☎ +65 6475 0123 (),. Talk [ ] Who are the people in your neighbourhood? Map of central Singapore, with outlines of detailed region maps Sights in Singapore are covered in more detail under the various districts. Broadly speaking: • Beaches and tourist resorts: Head to one of the three beaches on or its southern islands. Other beaches can be found on the. • Culture and cuisine: See for Chinese treats, for Indian flavours, (Arab St) for a Malay/Arab experience or the for delicious seafood, including the famous chilli and black pepper crab. • History and museums: The Bras Basah area east of and north of the is Singapore's colonial core, with historical buildings and museums. NUS Museum in the is also very much worth the trip. • Nature and wildlife: Popular tourist attractions Singapore Zoo, Night Safari, Jurong Bird Park and the Botanical Gardens are all in the. Finding 'real' nature is a little harder, but the Bukit Timah Nature Reserve (located in the same district as the zoo) has more plant species than that in the whole of North America. Pulau Ubin, an island off the in the east, is a flashback to the rural Singapore of yesteryear. City parks full of locals jogging or doing tai chi can be found everywhere. Also check out the tortoise and turtle sanctuary in the Chinese Gardens on the west side of town for a great afternoon with these wonderful creatures. $5 for adult admission and $2 for leafy vegetables and food pellets. • Parks and gardens: The Garden City and City in a Garden are new concepts being promoted by the Singaporean government and Singaporeans take great pride in their parks and gardens. Be sure to visit the Botanical Gardens (including the National Orchid Garden) and the Gardens by the Bay (don't miss the Flower Dome and the Cloud Forest). There's also the HortPark at the 'Southern Ridges' and the 'Chinese' and 'Japanese Gardens'. • Skyscrapers and shopping: The heaviest shopping mall concentration is in, while skyscrapers are clustered around the, but also check out and to see where Singaporeans shop. • Places of worship: Don't miss this aspect of Singapore, where Buddhism, Taoism, Hinduism, Sikhism, Baha'i faith, Christianity, Islam and even Judaism all exist in sizeable numbers. Religious sites can be easily visited and welcome non-followers outside of service times. Particularly worth visiting include: the vast Kong Meng San Phor Kark See Monastery near, the colourful Sri Mariamman Hindu temple in, the psychedelic Burmese Buddhist Temple in, one of the oldest hokkien temples Thian Hock Keng temple and the stately Masjid Sultan in. Itineraries [ ] • — A three-day sampler set of food, culture and shopping in Singapore, easily divisible into bite-size chunks. • — An easy scenic 9km stroll through the hills and jungles of southern Singapore. Highlights of the trail includes a 36 m high Henderson Waves pedestrian bridge providing a stunning view of the sea beyond the jungle. Henderson Waves Travel Tips [ ] Useful to carry: • Deodorant/Anti-Perspirant - Singapore is a humid country so expect to sweat a lot. • Sun Glasses/Sunscreen - Singapore is usually bright and sunny. • Umbrella - there is some precipitation throughout the year. However, the rain does not last long (usually). • Shorts/Half Trousers - Singapore is hot and humid. Although air-conditioning is available in all public transport (except a few public buses) and almost all internal areas, it is advisable to carry some light clothing. Do note that some places of worship may require visitors to dress conservatively. • Sweater - not necessary unless you are staying put in an air-conditioned place or if you are watching a movie in the cinema - the air-conditioner can get quite cold. • Mosquito repellent - In more remote areas there are mosquitos, otherwise they have been mostly eradicated from Singapore. Dengue fever is a particular problem in this part of the world, so be aware. Carry around with you a copy of the train network so you know how to get to places without having to go to the train station or look online. The train network is quite complicated and there can be a number of different routes to get to 1 place. Book a backpacker's place to stay if you do not want to pay exorbitant prices in hotels. Singapore is notoriously expensive for hotel accommodation. Backpacker options are affordable and clean. Do [ ] [ ] While you can find a place to practice nearly any sport in Singapore — golfing, surfing, scuba diving, even ice skating and snow skiing — due to the country's small size your options are rather limited and prices are relatively high. For water sports in particular, the busy shipping lanes and sheer population pressure mean that the sea around Singapore is murky, and most locals head up to (Malaysia) or (Indonesia) instead. On the upside, there is an abundance of dive shops in Singapore, and they often arrange weekend trips to good dive sites off the East Coast of Malaysia, so they are a good option for accessing some of Malaysia's not-so touristy dive sites. Art [ ] Singapore may be a young country but it has a constantly evolving artistic landscape that draws its influences from its unique heritage of East and Southeast Asian culture, with a good mix of western touch. The Renaissance City Project was initiated in 2000 by the Singaporean Government to establish Singapore as a regional city of the arts to cultivate artistic interest and culture. Today, Singapore sees itself flourishing in the third phase of the renaissance city project with new museums, international galleries and art fairs entering the local artistic landscape. In 2011, Singapore saw the opening of the ArtScience Museum at The Marina Bay Sands, a museum dedicated to design and technology. And in 2012, fourteen international galleries arrived at the shore of Singapore housed at The Gillman Barracks, a new artistic area. The National Art Gallery opened in 2015, and housed in two national monuments - the former Supreme Court Building and City Hall, is the largest visual arts institution in Singapore and also one of the largest regionally, focusing on modern Southeast Asian art through its collections. Singapore's art district, located around the Dhoby Ghaut and City Hall area have a concentration of art institutions, museums and galleries. Notable museums and art venues include, the National Museum of Singapore, Singapore Art Museum, The Substation (Singapore's first independent contemporary art centre) and Art Plural Gallery, Singapore's largest art gallery. Esplanade Theatres by the Bay On the cultural side of has been trying to shake off its boring, buttoned-up reputation and attract more artists and performances, with mixed success. The star in Singapore's cultural sky is the Esplanade theatre in, a world-class facility for performing arts and a frequent stage for the Singapore Symphony Orchestra. Pop culture options are more limited and Singapore's home-grown arts scene remains rather moribund, although local starlets Stefanie Sun and JJ Lin have had some success in the Chinese pop scene. On the upside, any bands and DJs touring Asia are pretty much guaranteed to perform in Singapore. Going to the movies is a popular Singaporean pastime, but look for 'R21' ratings (21 and up only) if you like your movies with fewer cuts. The big three theatre chains are, and. Censorship continues to throttle the local film scene, but Jack Neo's popular comedies showcase the foibles of Singaporean life. It is hard to experience the soul of Singapore beyond the surface of glittering CBD skyscrapers & mega malls of Orchard Road. However, cultural experiences can still be found by exploring the streets & alleys of Chinatown, Kampong Glam/Arab St and Little India. In Chinatown, you can find the, visit the and re-discover 1930s Singapore through the. In summer, don't miss the yearly. Advance tickets for almost any cultural event can be purchased from, either on-line or from any of their numerous ticketing outlets, including the Singapore Visitor Centre on. For an up-do-date guide on alternative events happening around Singapore from concerts, festivals etc, visit Gambling [ ] Singapore has two integrated resorts with casinos. Marina Bay Sands at is the larger and swankier of the two, while Resorts World Sentosa at aims for a more family-friendly experience (but offers No Limit Holdem from $5/$10). While locals (citizens and permanent residents) have to pay $100/day or $2,000/year to get in, foreign visitors can enter for free after presenting their passport. A driver license from your home country will not work. Besides the casino, there are other forms of legalised betting which are more accessible to the locals. This includes horse racing, which is run by the Singapore Turf Club on weekends, as well as football (soccer) betting and several lotteries run by the. Mahjong is also a popular pastime in Singapore. The version played in Singapore is similar to the Cantonese version, but it also has extra 'animal tiles' not present in the original Cantonese version. However, this remains pretty much a family and friends affair, and there are no mahjong parlours. Probability, the Law of Large Numbers and the Strong Law of Large Numbers: These are mathematical laws and cannot be beaten, even by the mighty James Bond. Depending on the game, if you play perfectly the casino will win on average a small percentage of your bet, from 2% for blackjack (21) to 5% for a one armed bandit. You might get ahead only if you make a few bets. If you made a large number, for example 1000 bets, made the minimum bet, say ten dollars and played flawlessly, the casino can calculate to the dime how much you will lose, which for the above is, 1000 x 10 x 2% = 200 dollars for blackjack and 1,000 dollars for slot machines. To say it another way, after a few bets, the averages take over, the longer you play the more you lose. The Strong Law says the envelope will tighten, you won't win it back. They win alot more after you've had a few drinks. This is why the alcohol is free, the dealers are fast, the minimums large and why running a gambling house used to be a crime. There is gambling in Casablanca!) Sheldon G. Adelson: The owner of the Marina Bay Sands, Sheldon Adelson, was Donald Trump's largest donor, donating 25 million dollars to his 2016 presidential campaign and an additional 5 million to his inaugural committee. You can help re-elect Donald Trump in 2020 and have a family friendly experience at the same time by gambling away your mortgage payment, food budget and the children's college fund at Mr. Adelson's family friendly Casino. Golf [ ] Despite its small size, Singapore has a surprisingly large number of golf courses, but most of the best ones are run by private clubs and open to members and their guests only. The main exceptions are the, the famously challenging home of the Barclays Singapore Open, and the, the only 18-hole public course. See the for the full list; alternatively, head to the nearby Indonesian islands of or or up north to the Malaysian town of for cheaper rounds. F1 Singapore Grand Prix The inaugural F1 Singapore Grand Prix was held at night in September 2008, and will be a fixture on the local calendar.The F1 Organizers have confirmed that the night race will be extended till 2017. Held on a street circuit in the heart of Singapore and raced at night, all but race fans will probably wish to avoid this time, as hotel prices especially room with view of the F1 tracks are through the roof. Tickets start from $150 but the thrilling experience of night race is definitely unforgettable for all F1 fans and photo buffs. Besides being a uniquely night race, the carnival atmosphere and pop concert held around the race ground as well as the convenience of hotels and restaurants round the corner, distinguish the race from other F1 races held remotely away from urban centres. The Singapore Turf Club in hosts horse races most Fridays, including a number of international cups, and is popular with local gamblers. The Singapore Polo Club near is also open to the public on competition days. Spas [ ] Singapore has recently been experiencing a 'spa boom', and there is now plenty of choice for everything from holistic Ayurveda to green tea hydrotherapy. However, prices aren't as rock-bottom as in neighbours Indonesia and Thailand, and you'll generally be looking at upwards of $50 even for a plain one-hour massage. Premium spas can be found in most 5 star hotels and on, and 's Spa Botanica also has a good reputation. There are also numerous shops offering traditional Chinese massage, which are mostly legitimate. The less legitimate 'health centres' have been shut down. Traditional asian-style public baths are non-existent. When looking for beauty salons on Orchard Road, try out the ones on the fourth floor of Lucky Plaza. They offer most salon services like manicures, pedicures, facials, waxing and hair services. A favorite of flight crew and repeat tourists due to the lower costs as compared to the sky high prices of other salons along the shopping belt. Shop around for prices, some of the better looking ones actually charge less. When in the Bugis or Kampong Glam walking belt, a good stop to rest weary feet would be at one of the many nail parlours in the area. Manicures or pedicures are very affordable in Singapore and most salons maintain a high level of hygiene. A few popular options in the area include Manicurious, The Nail Artelier and The Nail Social. Swimming [ ] Forget your tiny hotel pool if you are into competitive or recreational swimming: Singapore is paradise for swimmers with arguably the highest density of public pools in the world. They are all open-air 50m pools (some facilities even feature up to three 50m pools), accessible for an entrance fee of $1.00-1.50. Some of the visitors don't swim at all. They just come from nearby housing complexes for a few hours to chill out, read and relax in the sun. Most are open daily from 08:00-20:00, and all feature a small cafe. Just imagine swimming your lanes in the tropical night with lit up palm trees surrounding the pool. Experience world-class Olympics-standard swimming pool at the OCBC Aquatic Centre near Stadium MRT. It opens all day 07:00-22:00 unless they're hosting swimming championship. Entrance is $2.60-2.90 and include access to Training Pool anytime of the day and Competition Pool at certain hours. Check their website for lane availability. ActiveSG maintains, most of which are part of a larger sports complex with gym, tennis courts etc, and are located near the MRT station they're named after. Perhaps the best is in Katong (111 Wilkinson Road, on the ): after the swim, stroll through the villa neighbourhood directly in front of the pool entrance and have at look at the luxurious, original architecture of the houses that really rich Singaporeans live in. If you get bored with regular swimming pools, head to the Jurong East Swimming Complex where you get the wave pool, water slides and Jacuzzi at an insanely affordable entrance fee of $1.50 on weekdays and $2 on weekends. For those who feel richer, visit the water theme park with $19 and get yourself wet with various exciting water slides and a powerful tidal wave pool. For those who don't like pools, head out to the beaches. The has a scenic coastline that stretches over 15km. It's a popular getaway spot for Singaporeans to swim, cycle, barbeque and engage in various other sports and activities. Also has three white, sandy beaches - Siloso Beach, Palawan Beach and Tanjong Beach - each with its own distinct characteristics, and also very popular with locals. Water Sports [ ] Besides the more regular water sports such as waterskiing, wakeboarding, windsurfing, canoeing and etc., Singapore also offers water sports fans trendy activities such as cable-Skiing and wave surfing in specially created environments. Snow Sports [ ] While obviously not the best place on Earth for skiing, sunny Singapore still has a permanent indoor snow centre — Snow City offers visitors to the region a chance to experience winter. Visitors can escape from the hot and humid tropical weather to play with snow or even learn to ski and snowboard with internationally certified professional instructors. Off the beaten track [ ] There are several enjoyable things that not even many locals know about. Do look up places like Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve, Old Rail Corridor, Labrador Park, Istana Woodneuk, etc. If you are in the mood of doing sport, consider the MacRitchie, an artificial lake with a 11km of running trails featuring jungle, monkeys, lake and turtles. If you're an avid fisherman, you can also try your hand at prawning, or prawn fishing. The sport of prawn fishing has grown tremendously in recent years across South East Asia and can also be found in Singapore. All flower series coins and a $2 note. The Singaporean currency is the Singapore dollar, symbolised SGD, S$ or just $ (as used throughout this guide), divided into 100 cents. There are coins of $0.05 (gold), $0.10 (silver), $0.20 (silver), $0.50 (silver) and $1 (gold), plus notes of $2 (purple), $5 (green), $10 (red), $50 (blue), $100 (orange), $1000 (purple) and $10000 (gold). (As of 1 October 2014, the SGD10,000 note is no longer being printed but it's still legal tender. The Brunei $10,000 is still being printed, however.) The dollar is pegged at par with the Singapore dollar and the two currencies can be used interchangeably in both countries, so don't be too surprised if you get a Brunei note as change. You can safely assume that the '$' sign used in this island-nation refers to SGD unless it clearly states otherwise. Goods and services tax (GST), where applicable, is required by law to be included in the listed price of goods except for major hotels and some restaurants. You will know this as restaurants and hotels often display prices like $19.99++, where the '++' means that service charge (10%) and GST (7%) are not yet included in the listed price and will be added to your bill later. When you see NETT, it means it includes all taxes and service charges. The GST is refundable only in the departure area of the main Changi airport. The actual terms and documentation requirements are long and include a large fee and that you must remain outside of Singapore for a full year. Check here before the big spluge and allow time before your departure flight. Tipping is generally not practised in Singapore, and is officially frowned upon by the government, although bellhops still expect $2 or so per bag. Taxis will usually return your change to the last cent, or round in your favor if they can't be bothered to dig for change. ATMs are ubiquitous in Singapore and credit cards are widely accepted (although some shops may levy a 3% surcharge, and taxis a whopping 15%). Travellers cheques are generally not accepted by retailers, but can be cashed at most exchange booths. EZ-Link and Nets Flash Pay cards are accepted in some convenience stores and fast food chains. Currency exchange booths can be found in every shopping mall and usually offer better rates, better opening hours and much faster service than banks. The huge 24 hr operation at Mustafa in accepts almost any currency at very good rates, as do the fiercely competitive small shops at the aptly named Change Alley next to Raffles Place MRT. For large amounts, ask for a quote, as it will often get you a better rate than displayed on the board. Rates at the airport are not as good as in the city, and while many department stores accept major foreign currencies, their rates are often terrible. Costs [ ] Singapore is expensive by Asian standards but affordable compared with some industrialised countries: $50 is a perfectly serviceable daily backpacker budget if you are willing to cut some corners, though you would probably wish to double that for comfort. Food in particular is a steal, with excellent hawker food available for under $5 for a generous serving. Accommodation is a little pricier, but a bed in a hostel can cost less than $20, an average 3-4 star hotel in the city centre would typically cost anywhere from $100-$300 per night for a basic room, and the most luxurious hotels on the island (except maybe the Raffles) can be yours for $300 with the right discounts during the off-peak season. Compare room prices in Johor Bahru, just across the border and consider seeing Singapore from your base in Johor. Read wikitravel, Johor Bahru: By Bus, There and back again, a day trip to Singapore. Budget travellers should note that Singapore is much more expensive than the rest of Southeast Asia and should budget accordingly if planning to spend time in Singapore. In general, prices in Singapore are about twice as high as in Malaysia and Thailand and 3-5 times as high as in Indonesia and the Philippines. Haggling [ ] Except in off the beat markets, haggling is not common in Singapore and is frowned upon but asking about discounts is ok. While at a smaller shack haggle away. Shopping [ ] Cheated? Ripped off by a shop? Give the Singapore Tourism Board's free hotline at ☎ 1800 736 2000. For a better shopping experience, please see for more information. The Small Claims Tribunal at 1 Havelock Sq also has a special expedited process for tourists that can solve simple cases within 24 hours. Sim Lim Square, Singapore's computing and electronics mecca There are various shopping belts in Singapore, Marina Bay, Bugis Street, Chinatown, Geylang Serai, Kampong Gelam & Arab Street, Little India, North Bridge Road, Orchard Road, and The Suburbs.these all are very famous in singapore for shopping. Shopping is second only to eating as a national pastime, which means that Singapore has an abundance of shopping malls, and low taxes and tariffs on imports coupled with huge volume mean that prices are usually very competitive. While you won't find any bazaars with dirt-cheap local handicrafts (in fact, virtually everything sold in Singapore is made elsewhere), goods are generally of reasonably good quality and shopkeepers are generally quite honest due to strong consumer protection laws. Most shops are open 7 days a week from 10AM-10PM, although smaller operations (particularly those outside shopping malls) close earlier — 7PM is common — and perhaps on Sundays as well. Mustafa in is open 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Keep an eye out for the Great Singapore Sale, usually held in June-July, when shopping centres pull out all stops to attract punters. Many shops along Orchard Road and Scotts Road now offer late night shopping on the last Friday of every month with over 250 retailers staying open till midnight. • Antiques: The second floor of the Tanglin Shopping Centre on and the shops on South Bridge Rd in are good options if looking for the real thing (or high-quality reproductions). • Books: Borders at Wheelock Place has since closed down. However, Kinokuniya is at Ngee Ann City, on, is one of the largest bookshop in Singapore. Many second-hand bookshops are located in Far East Plaza and Bras Basah Complex, where you may attempt to bargain if you are buying a lot. For university textbooks, the bookshops at the National University of Singapore has the best prices on the island, up to 80% off compared to prices in the West. • Cameras: Peninsula Plaza near has Singapore's best selection of camera shops. However, there are no great bargains to be had, and many camera shops in Singapore (particularly those in Lucky Plaza and Sim Lim Square) have a reputation for fleecing unwary tourists. The best way is to know what you are looking for and then when you arrive, drop by the shops at the airport's transit area and take a look at the price and check with them whether they have any promotions. Then go to the city centre shops and compare prices/packages to see which shop will give you value for money. To be safe, always check prices and packages for everything you're interested in at large retailers like Courts, Harvey Norman and Best Denki first. Be very careful when shop staff attempt to promote brands or models other than the one you have in mind; a few shops at Sim Lim Square and elsewhere are known to use this tactic and sell products at 2-4x their actual list prices. • Clothes, high-street: Ion, Ngee Ann City (Takashimaya) and Paragon on have the heaviest concentration of branded boutiques. There are another malls such as Raffles City located at City Hall MRT that also hosts a variety of brands for instance, Kate Spade, Timberland. • Clothes, tailored: Virtually all hotels have a tailor shop attached, and touting tailors are a bit of a nuisance in Chinatown. As elsewhere, you'll get what you pay for and will get poor quality if you don't have the time for multiple fittings or the skill to check what you're getting. Prices vary widely: a local shop using cheap fabrics can do a shirt for $40 • Clothes, youth: Most of is dedicated to the young, hip and cost-conscious. Currently Bugis street(Opposite Bugis MRT) is the most popular in the Bugis area, consisting of 3 levels of shops. Some spots of, notably Far East Plaza not to be confused with Far East Shopping Centre and the top floor of the Heeren, also target the same market but prices are generally higher. • Contemporary Designs: The red dot design museum near a great place if you are into design, contemporary products and want to catch the latest trends. Nearby places worth exploring include Ann Siang Hill, Duxton Hill, Club Street and even along Keong Saik Rd • Computers: (near Little India) is great for the hardcore geek who really knows what they're after - parts pricelists are available on HardwareZone.com and are given out in Sim Lim itself, making price comparison easy. Lesser mortals (namely, who have failed to do their price-checking homework) stand a risk of getting ripped off when purchasing, but this is generally not a problem with the price lists offered by most shops. Some Singaporeans purchase their electronic gadgets during the quarterly 'IT shows' usually held at Suntec City Convention Centre or at the Expo, at which prices on gadgets are sometimes slashed (but often only to Sim Lim levels). Another possibility is to shop at, the shops of which may be more honest on average (according to some). Do not be attracted by side gifts/sweeteners of thumbdrives, mice and so on; these only tend to hide inflated prices. • Consumer electronics: Quite competitively priced in Singapore. Funan IT Mall ( Riverside#Buy|Riverside), and Mustafa () are good choices. Avoid the tourist-oriented shops on Orchard Road, particularly the notorious Lucky Plaza, or risk getting ripped off. Also be wary of shops on the 1st and 2nd levels of Sim Lim Square, some of which tend to rip off tourists, so please do your research before heading down; multi-shop price comparisons and bargaining are absolutely essential. Mustafa has fixed, low prices and is a good option. For any purchases, remember that Singapore uses 230V voltage with a British-style three-pin plug. • Electronic components: For do-it-yourself people and engineers, a wide variety of electronic components and associated tools can be found at Sim Lim Tower (opposite Sim Lim Square), near. You can find most common electronic components (such as breadboards, transistors, various IC's, etc.) and bargain for larger quantities as well. Be careful as some of the shops in Sim Lim Square are well known for their fleecing techniques. • Ethnic knick-knacks: has Singapore's heaviest concentration of glow-in-the-dark Merlion soap dispensers and ethnic knick-knack, mostly but not entirely Chinese and nearly all imported from somewhere else. For Malay and Indian stuff, the best places to shop are and respectively. • Fabrics: and have a good selection of imported and local fabrics like batik. Does sell rather reasonable and cheap fabrics, bargaining is allowed so do know your stuff on what fabric to buy. Do note that fabrics in Singapore may not be as cheap as overseas for most fabrics are imported to Singapore, due to the freight charges and many middlemen, the fabric cost may be more costly than overseas. • Fakes: Unlike most South-East Asian countries, pirated goods are not openly on sale and importing them to the city-state carries heavy fines. Fake goods are nevertheless not difficult to find in,, or even in the underpasses of. • Food: Local supermarkets Cold Storage, Prime Mart, Shop 'n' Save and NTUC Fairprice are ubiquitous, but for specialties, Jason's Marketplace in the basement of Raffles City and Tanglin Market Place at Tanglin Mall (both on ) are some of Singapore's best-stocked gourmet supermarkets, with a vast array of imported products. Takashimaya's basement (Orchard) has lots of small quirky shops and makes for a more interesting browse. For a more Singaporean (and much cheaper) shopping experience, seek out any neighbourhood wet market, like 's Tekka Market. For eating out, most shopping centres offer a range of small snack stands and eateries in their basements, as well as a food court or two. • Games: Video and PC games are widely available in Singapore, and prices are usually cheaper than in the West. Games sold for the local market are generally in English, and though some games imported from Hong Kong or Taiwan would be in Chinese. Do note, however, that Singapore's official region code is NTSC-J (together with Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong etc.), which means that games sold may not be compatible with consoles in mainland China, North America, Europe or Australia. During the four times in a year IT Shows, PC, XBox, Wii, Playstation games prices may drop at such IT shows, if not the games will be bundled with others (Example: Buy 2 at $49.90) • Hi-fi stereos: The Adelphi () has Singapore's best selection of audiophile shops. • Marine sports: Many of the shophouses opposite The Concourse on Beach Rd in sell fishing and scuba diving gear. • Mobile phones: Very competitively priced in Singapore due to high consumer volume, available throughout the country both used and new. Phones are never SIM locked, so they can be used anywhere, and many shops will allow you to 'trade in' an older phone to offset the cost of a new one. • Music: Gramophone provides good prices on CDs and has an interesting selection. Numerous branches are scattered across the CBD and. One of the better Gramophone locations is at Ngee Ann City in B2. Pretty in pink: Peranakan tea set with dragon-phoenix motif • Peranakan goods: The Peranakan, or Malay-Chinese, may be fading but their colourful clothing and artwork, especially the distinctive pastel-coloured ceramics, are still widely available. Antiques are expensive, but modern replicas are quite affordable. The largest selection and best prices can be found in on the East Coast. • Sports goods: Queensway Shopping Centre, off Alexandra Rd and rather off the beaten track (take a taxi), seems to consist of nothing but sports goods shops. You can also find foreigner-sized sporty clothing and shoes here. Expect to get 40-50% off the price from the shops in Orchard for the same items. Velocity in is also devoted to sports goods, but is rather more upmarket. Martial arts equipment is surprisingly hard to find, although most of the clothing shops around Pagoda Street in sell basic silk taiji/wushu uniforms. Note that if you plan to buy weapons such as swords, you have to apply for a permit from the local police (around $10) to get your weaponry out of the country. • Tea: 's Yue Hwa (2nd floor) is unbeatable for both price and variety, but Time for Tea in Lucky Plaza () is also a good option. English tea is also widely available around Orchard Road, most notably at Marks and Spencer in Centrepoint. • Watches: High-end watches are very competitively priced. Ngee Ann City () has dedicated shops such as Piaget and Cartier, while Millenia Walk () features the Cortina Watch Espace selling 30 brands including Audemars Piguet & Patek Philippe, as well as several other standalone shops. • Local Souvenirs: Even with her young age, Singapore has a wide range of souvenirs available for tourists due to the rich multi-cultural history. While you can find Merlion Keychains, Chocolates, T-shirts & Postcards around Chinatown & Little India, there are plenty of unique souvenirs that are homegrown labels & represent Singapore. Fashion label Charles & Keith (started out as Shoe Heaven), has got you covered if you're looking for a pair of perfect shoes & has evolved into handbags & accessories. Grab the mini Singapore sling cocktail set at Raffles Hotel and Changi Airport for the true heritage flavour. With their luxurious gold plating technology, RISIS provides beautiful gifts like gold-plated Orchids and brooches. One of the popular snack souvenirs - Bak Kwa from Bee Cheng Hiang (Smoked Barbecue Pork) is a well-loved snack especially popular during Lunar New Year. Kaya is a savoury coconut milk, eggs, and sugar, usually spread on toast where locals consume for their breakfast. Depending on the brand, it can taste rich & sweet to having a light pandan flavour. Ya Kun Kaya is readily available in their nationwide outlets and Changi Airport. For those who will miss Singapore's rice dishes, you can get Instant rice meals from Yamie, where local favourites like Chicken Rice & Briyani Rice are pre-made, easy to prepare. A must-get, Chilli crab & Laksa sauce kits from Prima Taste are also saliva-inducing souvenirs available to purchase at supermarkets. These are Halal. Bak Kut Teh (literally translated as Meat Bone Tea) Spices are also a fine choice to bring back a taste of Singapore, and one can choose from ranges like A1 Bak Kut Teh to celebrity-favourite Outram Park Ya Hua Bak Kut Teh. Speaking about Tea, Singapore also has her own luxury tea collection from TWG which offers an impressive selection of over 800 teas, specially harvested from all around the world. Local Designers like SUPERMAMA have also came up with Singaporean omiyage (contemporary giftware) ranging from procelain tableware to quirky socks. Most of these souvenirs can be found in their own store outlets, Changi Airport or Singapore Souvenir curator - SG Style, who does same-day delivery to your hotel. For purchases of over $100 per day per participating shop, you may be able to get a 6% refund of your 7% GST at Changi Airport or Seletar Airport, but the process is a bit of a bureaucratic hassle. At the shop you need to ask for a tax refund cheque. Before checking in at the airport, present this cheque together with the items purchased and your passport at the GST customs counter. Get the receipt stamped there. Then proceed with check-in and go through security. On the air side, bring the stamped cheque to the refund counter to cash it in or get the GST back on your credit card. See Singapore Customs for the full scoop. Eat [ ] [ ] This guide uses the following price ranges for a typical meal for one, including soft drink: Budget Under $10 Mid-range $10-30 Splurge Over $30 Singapore is a melting pot of cuisines from around the world, and many Singaporeans are obsessive gourmands who love to makan ('eat' in Malay). You will find quality Chinese, Malay, Indian, Japanese, Thai, Italian, French, American and other food in this city-state. Eating habits run the gamut, but most foods are eaten by fork and spoon: push and cut with the fork in the left hand, and eat with the spoon in the right. Noodles and Chinese dishes typically come with chopsticks, while Malay and Indian food can be eaten by hand, but nobody will blink an eye if you ask for a fork and spoon instead. If eating by hand, always use your right hand to pick your food, as Malays and Indians traditionally use their left hand to handle dirty things. Take note of the usual traditional etiquette when using chopsticks, and most importantly, do not stick your chopsticks vertically into a bowl of rice. If eating in a group, serving dishes are always shared, but you'll get your own bowl of rice and soup. It's common to use your own chopsticks to pick up food from communal plates, but serving spoons can be provided on request. Keep an eye out for the Singapore Food Festival, held every year in July. During the last three festivals, all visitors to Singapore smart enough to ask for them at any tourist information desk received coupons for free chilli crab, no strings attached! Local delicacies [ ] Singapore is justly famous for its food, a unique mix of Malay, Chinese, Indian and Western elements. The following is only a brief sampler of the most popular dishes. Satay with peanut sauce, onions and cucumber Peranakan/Nonya cuisine [ ] Culinary borrowings Many regional terms and the odd euphemism tend to crop up in notionally English menus. Nasi lemak with sambal ikan bilis (fried anchovies with chilli paste), cucumber, chicken curry and an egg The Malays were Singapore's original inhabitants and despite now being outnumbered by the Chinese, their distinctive cuisine is popular to this day. Characterized by heavy use of spices, most Malay dishes are curries, stews or dips of one kind or another and nasi padang restaurants, offering a wide variety of these to ladle onto your rice, are very popular. • Mee rebus is a dish of egg noodles with spicy, slightly sweet gravy, a slice of hard boiled egg and lime. • Mee soto is Malay-style chicken soup, with a clear broth, shredded chicken breast and egg noodles. • Nasi lemak is the definitive Malay breakfast, consisting at its simplest of rice cooked in light coconut milk, some ikan bilis (anchovies), peanuts, a slice of cucumber and a dab of chilli on the side. A larger ikan kuning (fried fish) or chicken wing are common accompaniments. More often than not, also combined with a variety of curries and/or sambal (see below). • Otah/Otak is a type of fish cake made of minced fish (usually mackerel), coconut milk, chilli and various other spices, and grilled in a banana or coconut leaf, usually served to accompany other dishes like nasi lemak. • Rendang, occasionally dubbed 'dry curry', is meat stewed for hours on end in a spicy (but rarely fiery) coconut-based curry paste until almost all water is absorbed. Beef rendang is the most common, although chicken and mutton are spotted sometimes. • Sambal is the generic term for chilli sauces of many kinds. Sambal belacan is a common condiment made by mixing chilli with the shrimp paste belacan, while the popular dish sambal sotong consists of squid ( sotong) cooked in red chilli sauce. • Satay are barbecued skewers of meat, typically chicken, mutton or beef. What separates satay from your ordinary kebab is the spices used to season the meat and the slightly spicy peanut-based dipping sauce. The Satay Club at near Raffles Place is one popular location for this delicacy. Malay desserts, especially the sweet pastries and jellies ( kuih or kueh) made largely from coconut and palm sugar ( gula melaka), bear a distinct resemblance to those of. But in the sweltering tropical heat, try one of many concoctions made with ice instead: • Bubur cha-cha consists of cubed yam, sweet potato and sago added into coconut milk soup. This can be served warm or cold. • Chendol is made with green pea noodles, kidney beans, palm sugar and coconut milk. • Durian is not exactly a dish, but a local fruit with distinctive odor you can smell a mile away and a sharp thorny husk. Both smell and taste defy description. If you are game enough you should try it, but be warned beforehand — you will either love it or hate it. The rich creamy yellow flesh is often sold in places like Geylang and Bugis and elsewhere conveniently in pre-packaged packs, for anywhere from $1 for a small fruit all the way up to $24/kg depending on the season and type of durian. This 'king of fruits' is also made into ice cream, cakes, sweets, puddings and other decadent desserts. Note: You're not allowed to carry durians on the MRT and buses and they're banned from many hotels. • Ice kachang literally means 'ice bean' in Malay, a good clue to the two major ingredients: shaved ice and sweet red beans. However, more often than not you'll also get gula melaka (palm sugar), grass jelly, sweet corn, attap palm seeds and anything else on hand thrown in, and the whole thing is then drizzled with canned evaporated milk or coconut cream and coloured syrups. The end result tastes very interesting — and refreshing. • Kuih (or kueh) refer to a plethora of steamed or baked 'cakes', mostly made with coconut milk, grated coconut flesh, glutinous rice or tapioca. They are often very colourful and cut into fanciful shapes, but despite their wildly varying appearance tend to taste rather similar. • Pisang goreng is a batter-dipped and deep-fried banana. Chinese cuisine [ ] •. Prawn mee and pork rib soup Chinese food as eaten in Singapore commonly originates from southern, particularly and. Noodles can also be served not just in soup (湯 tang), but also 'dry' (干 kan), meaning that your noodles will be served tossed with chilli and spices in one bowl, and the soup will come in a separate bowl. • Bak chor mee(肉脞面)is essentially noodles with minced pork, tossed in a chilli-based sauce with lard, ikan bilis (fried anchovies), vegetables and mushrooms. Black vinegar may also be added. • Bak kut teh (肉骨茶), lit. 'pork bone tea', is a simple-sounding soup of pork ribs simmered for hours in broth until they're ready to fall off the bone. Singaporeans prefer the light and peppery Teochew style ('white'), but a few shops offer the original dark and aromatic Fujian kind ('black'). Bak kut teh is typically eaten with white rice, mui choy (pickled vegetables) and a pot of strong Chinese tea, hence the name — the broth itself doesn't contain any tea. To impress the locals, order some you tiao fritters from a nearby stall and cut them up into bite-sized chunks to dip into your soup. You may even choose to order an identical bowl of bak kut teh that your friend ordered and enjoy some fun bonding time with your peers over this widely loved Singaporean dish. • Char kway teow (炒粿条) is the quintessential Singapore-style fried noodle dish, consisting of several types of noodles in thick brown sauce with strips of fishcake, Chinese sausage, a token veggie or two and either cockles and shrimp. It's cheap ($2-3/serve), filling and has nothing to do with the dish known as 'Singapore fried noodles' elsewhere! (And which actually doesn't exist in Singapore.) • Chee cheong fun (豬腸粉) is a favorite breakfast consisting of lasagna-type rice noodles rolled up and various types of fried meats including fishballs and fried tofu. The dish is usually topped with a generous amount of sauce. • Chwee kway (水粿) is a breakfast dish consisting of rice cakes topped with chai po (salted fermented turnips), usually served with some chilli sauce. • Fishball noodles (魚丸面) come in many forms, but the noodle variety most often seen is mee pok, which are flat egg noodles. The noodles are tossed in chilli sauce and accompanied by a side bowl of fishballs in soup. • Hainanese chicken rice (海南鸡饭) is steamed ('white') or roasted ('red') chicken flavoured with soy sauce and sesame oil served on a bed of fragrant rice that has been cooked in chicken broth and flavoured with ginger and garlic. Often accompanied by chilli sauce made from crushed fresh chillis, ginger, garlic and thick dark soy sauce as well as some cucumber and a small bowl of chicken broth. • Hokkien mee (福建面) is a style of soupy fried noodles in light, fragrant stock with prawns and other seafood. Oddly, it bears little resemblance to the Kuala Lumpur dish of the same name, which uses thick noodles in dark soy, or even the Penang version, which is served in very spicy soup. • Kway chap (粿汁) is essentially sheets made of rice flour served in a brown stock, accompanied by a plate of braised pork and pig organs (tongue, ear and intestines). • Prawn noodles (虾面, hae mee in Hokkien) is an dark-brown prawn broth served with egg noodles and a giant tiger prawn or two on top. Some stalls serve it with boiled pork ribs as well. The best versions are highly addictive and will leave you slurping up the last MSG-laden (probably from the shrimp heads) drops. • Steamboat (火锅), also known as hot pot, is do-it-yourself soup Chinese style. You get a pot of broth bubbling on a tabletop burner, pick meat, fish and veggies to your liking from a menu or buffet table, then cook it to your liking. When finished, add in noodles or ask for rice to fill you up. This usually requires a minimum of two people, and the more the merrier. • Tau huay (豆花) is probably the most common traditional Chinese dessert, a bowl of tofu curds in syrup, served either hot or cold. A recent innovation that has swept the island is a delicious custard-like version ('soft tau huay') which includes no syrup and is extremely soft despite being solid. • Wonton mee (云吞面) is thin noodles topped with wantan dumplings of seasoned minced pork. Unlike the soupy Hong Kong version, it is usually served 'dry' in soy sauce and chilli. • Yong tau foo (酿豆腐) literally means 'fermented tofu', but it's more exciting than it sounds. The diner selects their favorites from a vast assortment of tofu, fish paste, assorted seafood and vegetables, and they are then sliced into bite-size pieces, cooked briefly in boiling water and then served either in broth as soup or 'dry' with the broth in a separate bowl. The dish can be eaten by itself or with any choice of noodles. Essential accompaniments are spicy chili sauce and sweet sauce for dipping. Indian cuisine [ ]. Roti prata (left) and roti telur (centre) with a side order of chicken curry The smallest of the area's big three ethnic groups, the Indians have had proportionally the smallest impact on the local culinary scene, but there is no shortage of Indian food even at many hawker centres. Delicious and authentic Indian food can be had at Little India, including south Indian typical meals such as dosa ( thosai) crepes, idli lentil-rice cakes and sambar soup, as well as north Indian meals including various curries, naan bread, tandoori chicken and more. In addition, however, a number of Indian dishes have been 'Singaporeanized' and adopted by the entire population, including: • Fish head curry is, true to the name, a gigantic curried fish head cooked whole until it's ready to fall apart. Singapore's is the place to sample this. Note that there are two distinct styles, the fiery Indian and the milder Chinese kind. • Nasi briyani is rice cooked in turmeric, giving it an orange colour. Unlike the Hyderabadi original, it's usually rather bland, although specialist shops do turn out more flavorful versions. It is usually served with curry chicken and some Indian crackers. • Roti prata is the local version of paratha, flat bread tossed in the air like pizza, rapidly cooked in oil, and eaten dipped in curry. Modern-day variations can incorporate unorthodox ingredients like cheese, chocolate, sugar and even ice cream, but some canonical versions include roti kosong (plain), roti telur (with egg) and murtabak (layered with chicken, mutton or fish). Strict vegetarians beware: unlike Indian roti, roti prata batter is usually made with eggs. • Murtabak is a variety of Roti Prata where mutton, chicken, onion and sometimes peas, depending on the stall, are added into a typical 'Prata', and served with a curry of your choice. Most stalls has chicken and fish curry and they will serve you either of those two randomly unless specified. Do take note that the curry served are just plain curry without and meat included. Fish curry is generally the more commonly served and carries a slight sour taste. A Murtabak is generally much larger than a typical Roti Kosong and it is recommended that it is shared among at least two person. Zam Zam located at the Kampong Glam Bugis area is arguably the most famous restaurant in Singapore serving the murtabak • Putu mayam is a sweet dessert composed of vermicelli-like noodles topped with shredded coconut and orange sugar. Hawker centres [ ] Social welfare Singapore style One thing notably absent from Singaporean hawker centres and food courts is any form of napkins or tissues. The solution to the mystery is in Singapore's lack of government welfare: instead, every hawker centre has a resident invalid or two, who make a living by selling tissues ($1 for a few packets). These folks believe in self reliance instead of depending on government welfare funds. Do give them your respectful support. Typical hawker centre, The cheapest and most popular places to eat in Singapore are hawker centres, essentially former pushcart vendors directed into giant complexes by government fiat. Prices are low ($2-5 for most dishes), hygiene standards are high (every stall is required to prominently display a health certificate grading it from A to D) and the food can be excellent — if you see a queue, join it! The lack of air-conditioning may seem somewhat unbearable to foreigners, but a visit to a hawker centre remains a must when in Singapore. However, be leery of overzealous pushers-cum-salesmen, especially at the Satay Club in Lau Pa Sat and Newton Food Centre at Newton Circus: the tastiest stalls don't need high-pressure tactics to find customers. Touting for business is illegal, and occasionally a reminder of this can result in people backing off a bit. To order, first chope (reserve) a table by either parking a friend by the table or, in the more Singaporean way, dumping a pack of tissue onto the tabletop. Note the table's number, then place your order at your stall of choice. Some stalls will deliver to your table, in which case you pay when you get your food. However, note that some stalls (particularly very popular ones) have signs stating 'self-service', meaning that you're expected to get your food yourself and you pay on order. Although, if it is quiet and you are sitting nearby, they will usually deliver anyway. At almost every stall you can also opt to take away (called 'packet' or ta pao (打包) in Cantonese), in which case employees pack up your order in a plastic box/bag and even throw in disposable utensils. Once you are finished, look around: if there are signs asking you to return your tray, take your dishes to the tray return station (usually clearly marked). This is part of a government initiative that has been pushed out in recent years encouraging diners to return their own plates so as to reduce the burden on the cleaners. If there are no signs, you can leave your dishes on your table, where a cleaner will come by to pick them up. Every district in Singapore has its own hawker centres and prices decrease as you move out into the boondocks. For tourists, centrally located Newton Circus (), Gluttons Bay and Lau Pa Sat (near the ), are the most popular options — but this does not make them the cheapest or the tastiest, and the demanding gourmand would do well to head to or the heartlands instead. Many of the best food stalls are located in residential districts away from the tourist trail and do not advertise in the media, so the best way to find them is to ask locals for their recommendations. A good example is the Old Airport Road Food Centre in a residential area near Dakota MRT station (about a $10-$15 taxi ride from town) which rarely has many tourists and is a true Hawker Centre for locals. And if you miss western food, Botak Jones in several hawker centres offers reasonably authentic and generously sized American-restaurant style meals at hawker prices. Coffee shops [ ] Coffee, see, and tea, oh! Coffee and tea in hawker centres and kopitiam goes for under a dollar a cup, a steep discount on Starbucks prices, but you'll need to learn the lingo to get what you want. If you order just kopi (the Malay word for 'coffee') or teh (Hokkien for 'tea') in Singapore, it will definitely be served with a heaped spoonful of sugar, and more often than not with a squirt of sweet condensed milk. Kopi-C or teh-C substitutes unsweetened evaporated milk, while kopi-O or teh-O makes sure it's served with no milk. To get rid of the sugar, you need to ask for it kosong ('plain'), but if you want a plain black cup of joe, you need to ask for kopi-O kosong! If you want your drink cold, just add a peng to the end of the drink name, eg. Kopi-O-peng, teh-peng, teh-C-peng, Milo-peng etc. And it will be served with ice. The drinks sold at such places are generally around $1. Despite the name, coffee shops or kopitiam sell much more than coffee — they are effectively mini-hawker centres with perhaps only half a dozen stalls (one of which will, however, sell coffee and other drinks). The Singaporean equivalent of pubs, this is where folks come for the canonical Singaporean breakfast of kopi (strong, sugary coffee), some kaya (egg-coconut jam) toast and runny eggs, and this is also where they come to down a beer or two and chat away in the evenings. English proficiency can somtimes be limited, but most stall owners know enough to communicate the basics, and even if they don't, nearby locals will usually help you out if you ask. Many coffee shops offer tze char (煮炒) for dinner, meaning a menu of local dishes, mostly Chinese-style seafood, served at your table at mid-range prices. The usual international coffee chains such as Starbucks and the Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf can be found in many shopping malls where an iced coffee or tea can set you back $5 and up. More discerning coffee drinkers may consider visiting the local cafes that serve coffee brewed with greater skill and care than these international coffee chains. Food courts [ ]. Retro style at the Food Republic food court, Found in the basement or top floor of nearly every shopping mall, food courts are the gentrified, air-conditioned version of hawker centres. The variety of food on offer is almost identical, but prices are on average $1-3 higher than prices in hawker centres and coffee shops (depending on the area, it is slightly more expensive in tourist intensive areas) and the quality of food is good but not necessary value for money. Fast food [ ] International fast food chains like McDonald's, Carl's Jr., Burger King, KFC, MOS Burger, Dairy Queen, Orange Julius, Subway etc are commonly found in various shopping malls. Prices range from $2 for a basic burger and $5 upwards for a set meal. Such restaurants are self-service and clearing your table after your meal is strongly recommended. In addition to the usual suspects, look out for these uniquely Singaporean brands: • Artease Cafe,. This home-grown brand offers a variety of premium tea and toppings in interesting flavours. They also serve great coffee. • Bengawan Solo,. Singapore version of Indonesian cakes, Chinese pastries and everything in between. The name is taken from the name of a famous river in Java. • BreadTalk,. This self-proclaimed 'designer bread' chain has taken not just Singapore but much of South-East Asia by storm. Everything is jazzily shaped, funkily named (eg. Crouching Tiger, Hidden Bacon) and baked on premises. Just note that, to the Western palate, almost everything is rather sweet. • Jollibean,. Fresh soy drinks, beancurd and tasty mee chiang kueh Chinese pancakes. • Killiney Kopitiam,. Serves kaya toast, kopi and ginger tea (with ice or without); waiters at the original Somerset location shout your order towards the back with gusto. Offers a variety of soya bean drinks, ice-creams and pastries snacks. • Old Chang Kee,. Famous for their curry puffs, but their range now covers anything and everything deep-fried. Take-away only. • Ya Kun Kaya Toast,. Serves the classic Singaporean breakfast all day long: kaya toast, runny eggs and strong, sweet coffee (plus some other drinks). Arguably one of the more successful chains with branches in as far as South Korea and Japan. Restaurants [ ] Kee-ping up with the Lims Ever wonder why every other Chinese hawker stall and restaurant in Singapore has a name that ends in Kee? The answer is simple: the character kee (记) is Chinese for 'brand' or 'mark', and is used much like the trademark symbol in the West. A name like Yan Kee thus means 'run by the Yan family', and should not be taken as a political statement! Singapore offers a wide variety of full-service restaurants as well, catering to every taste and budget. As the majority of Singapore's population is ethnic Chinese, there is an abundance of Chinese restaurants in Singapore, mainly serving southern Chinese (mostly Hokkien, Teochew or Cantonese) cuisines, though with the large number of expatriates and foreign workers from China these days, cuisine originating from Shanghai and further north is also not hard to find. As with Chinese restaurants anywhere, food is eaten with chopsticks and served with Chinese tea. Depending on where you go and what you order, prices can vary greatly. In ordinary restaurants, prices usually start from $20-30 per person, while in top end restaurants in five-star hotels, prices can go as high as more than $300 per person if you order delicacies such as abalone, suckling pig and lobster. Being a maritime city, one common specialty is seafood restaurants, offering Chinese-influenced Singaporean classics like chilli crabs. These are much more fun to go to in a group, but be careful what you order: gourmet items like Sri Lankan giant crab or shark's fin can easily push your bill up to hundreds of dollars. Menus typically say 'Market price', and if you ask they'll quote you the price per 100 g, but a big crab can easily top 2 kilos. The best-known seafood spots are clustered on the, but for ambience the riverside restaurants at can't be beat. Singapore also has its share of good Western restaurants, with British and American influenced food being a clear favourite among locals. Most of the more affordable chains are concentrated around Orchard Road and prices start from around $10-20 per person for the main course. French, Italian, Japanese and Korean food is also readily available, though prices tend to be on the expensive side, while Thai and Indonesian restaurants tend to be more affordable. One British import much beloved by Singaporeans is high tea. In the classical form, as served up by finer hotels across the island, this is a light afternoon meal consisting of tea and a wide array of British-style savoury snacks and sweet pastries like finger sandwiches and scones. However, the term is increasingly used for afternoon buffets of any kind, and Chinese dim sum and various Singaporean dishes are common additions. Prices vary, but you'll usually be looking at $20-30 per head. Note that many restaurants only serve high tea on weekends, and hours may be very limited: the famous spread at the Raffles Hotel's Tiffin Room, for example, is only available between 3:30PM-5PM. Singaporeans are big on buffets, especially international buffets offering a wide variety of dishes including Western, Chinese and Japanese as well as some local dishes at a fixed price. Popular chains include Sakura, Pariss, Vienna and Todai. Most hotels also offer lunch and dinner buffets. Champagne brunches on Sundays are particularly popular, but you can expect to pay over $100 per head and popular spots, like Mezza9 at the Hyatt on, will require reservations. Unlike most other shops, restaurants in Singapore usually do not include the additional charges (7% GST and 10% service charge) in their list prices. Price lists displayed outside restaurants and menus typically indicate this fact with a statement such as 'Prices do not include GST and service charge', or indicate their prices with '++', e.g., $19.90++. Fine Dining [ ] While Singapore has been previously described as a place with excellent casual dining but a lack of fine dining options, the opening of the two casinos has led to several of the world's top chefs opening branches of their restaurant at the integrated resorts. Celebrity restaurants that have set up shop at Marina Bay Sands include Waku Ghin, Spago and Long Chim. Prices are generally what you would expect for eating at a fine dining restaurant in the West. Supper Clubs [ ] Pop up dining options or supper clubs are normally dinner events hosted by local chefs. While a relatively new concept in Singapore, it is gaining popularity with more and more local chefs opening up their homes to guests. Authentic food and dining in the company of new friends is a new trend that is catching up in Singapore. Is a great place to discover such dining options. Dietary restrictions [ ] Singapore is an easy place to eat for almost everybody. Many Indians and a few Chinese Buddhists are strictly vegetarian, so Indian stalls may have a number of veggie options and some hawker centres will have a Chinese vegetarian stall or two, often serving up amazing meat imitations made from gluten. Chinese vegetarian food traditionally does not use eggs or dairy products and is thus almost always vegan; Indian vegetarian food, however, often employs cheese and other milk products. Be on your guard in ordinary Chinese restaurants though, as even dishes that appear vegetarian on the menu may contain seafood products such as oyster sauce or salted fish — check with the waiter if in doubt. Some restaurants can be found that use 'no garlic, no onions'. Muslims should look out for halal certificates issued by MUIS, the Islamic Religious Council of Singapore. This is found at practically every Malay stall and many Indian Muslim operations too, but more rarely on outlets run by the Chinese, few of whom are Muslims. That said, the popular Banquet chain of food courts is entirely halal and an excellent choice for safely sampling halal Chinese food. Many, if not all, of the Western fast-food chains in Singapore use halal meat: look for a certificate around the ordering area, or ask a manager if in doubt. A few restaurants skimp on the formal certification and simply put up 'no pork, no lard' signs; it's your call if this is good enough for you. Jews, on the other hand, will have a harder time as kosher food is nearly unknown in Singapore. Nevertheless, kosher food is still available near Singapore's two synagogues at Oxley Rise and Waterloo Street in the Central Business District; check with the Jewish Welfare Board for details. Celiac disease is relatively unheard of in Singapore, so don't expect to find information on menus about whether dishes contain gluten or not. A few exceptions to this include Cedele and Barracks @ House. Drink [ ] [ ]. Clarke Quay by night Singapore's nightlife has both increased in vibrancy and variety over the years. Some clubs have 24 hr licenses and few places close before 3AM. Any artist touring Asia are pretty much guaranteed to stop in Singapore, with superclub Zouk in particular regularly clocking high on lists of the world's best nightclubs. Singapore's nightlife is largely concentrated along the three Quays — Boat, Clarke and Robertson — of the, with the clubs of and nearby St James Power Station giving party animals even more reason to dance the night away. Gay bars are mostly found around. Drinking age is 18, and while this is surprisingly loosely enforced, some clubs have higher age limits. Friday is generally the biggest night of the week for going out, with Saturday a close second. Sunday is gay night in many bars and clubs, while Wednesday or Thursday is ladies' night, often meaning not just free entrance but free drinks for women. Most clubs are closed on Monday and Tuesday, while bars generally stay open but tend to be very quiet. For a night out Singapore style, gather a group of friends and head for the nearest karaoke box — major chains include K-Box and Party World. Room rental ranges from $30/hour and up. Beware that the non-chain, glitzy (or dodgy) looking, neon-covered KTV lounges may charge much higher rates and the short-skirted hostesses may offer more services than just pouring your drinks. In Singapore, the pronunciation of karaoke follows the Japanese ' karah-oh-kay' instead of the English ' carry-oh-key'. The original Singapore Sling at the Raffles Alcohol is widely available but very expensive due to Singapore's heavy sin taxes. You can bring in up to one litre of liquor and two litres of wine and beer if you arrive from countries other than Malaysia. Changi Airport has a good range of duty free spirits at reasonable prices, but cheap wine is non-existent, with bottles starting well over S$20. Careful shopping at major supermarkets will also throw up common basic Australian wine labels for under $20. Alcohol is haram (forbidden) to Muslims, and most Muslim Singaporeans duly avoid it. While most non-Muslim Singaporeans are not puritanical and enjoy a drink every now and then, do not expect to find the binge-drinking culture that you will find in most Western countries. Unlike in most Western countries, public drunkenness in socially frowned upon in Singapore, and misbehaving yourself under the influence of alcohol will certainly not gain you any respect from Singaporean friends. Do not allow any confrontations to escalate into fights, as the police will be called in, and you will face jail time and possibly caning. Prices when eating out vary. You can enjoy a large bottle of beer of your choice at a coffee shop or hawker centre for less than $6 (and the local colour comes thrown in for free). On the other hand, drinks in any bar, club or fancy restaurant remain extortionate, with a basic drink clocking in at $10-15 while fancy cocktails would usually be in the $15-25 range. On the upside, happy hours and two-for-one promotions are common, and the entry price for clubs usually includes several drink tickets. Almost all restaurants in Singapore allow bringing your own (BYO) wine and cheaper restaurants without a wine menu usually don't even charge corkage, although in these places you'll need to bring your own bottle opener and glasses. Fancier places charge $20-50, although many offer free corkage days on Monday or Tuesday. Tourists flock to the Long Bar in the to sample the original Singapore Sling, a sickly sweet pink mix of pineapple juice, gin and more, but locals (almost) never touch the stuff. The tipple of choice in Singapore is the local beer, Tiger, a rather ordinary lager, but there's been a recent microbrewery trend with Singapore's very own RedDot Brewhouse (Dempsey & Boat Quay), Archipelago, Brewerkz (Riverside Point, Singapore Indoor Stadium, Orchard Parade Hotel, and Sentosa Boardwalk), Paulaner Brauhaus (Millenia Walk) and Pump Room (Clarke Quay) all offering interesting alternatives. There are also many online alcohol stores that offer great value and convenience with doorstep delivery such as Cellarbration Singapore, Alcohol Delivery, Winelah and Cornerstonewines for you to shop from if you are looking for an affordable nightcap or as a gift for your host in Singapore. Tobacco [ ] Tobacco is heavily taxed, and you are not allowed to bring more than one opened pack (not carton, but a single pack!) of cigarettes into the country. This is particularly strictly enforced on the land borders with. Many public places including hawker centres have restrictions on smoking, and it is prohibited in public transport as well. There is a total ban on smoking in all air-conditioned places (including pubs and discos), and strict limitations on where you can smoke outside as well (e.g., bus stops, parks, playgrounds and all except the designated sections of hawker centres are off limits). The designated zone should be marked with a yellow outline, and may have a sign reading 'smoking zone'. Prostitution [ ] Prostitution is tolerated in six designated districts, most notably, which — not coincidentally — also offers some of the cheapest lodging and best food in the city. The industry maintains a low profile (no go-go bars here) and is not a tourist attraction by any stretch of the word. Legally practising commercial sex workers are required to register with the authorities and attend special clinics for regular sexually transmitted disease screening. However, please be prudent and practice safe sex--although most sex workers will insist on it anyway. Orchard Towers, on, has been famously summarized as 'four floors of whores' and, despite occasional crackdowns by the authorities, continues to live up to its name. Beware that the prostitutes working here are usually not registered, so the risk of theft and STDs is significantly higher. Some transgender women work at this establishment because the State does not allow them to obtain a license for sex work. Because they are considered illegal workers, they are subjected to constant raids, harassment, intimidation, imprisonment and other forms of degrading treatment and criminalization. They also face entrapment where police officers pretend to be customers. Sleep [ ] [ ] Individual listings can be found in Singapore's articles Accommodation in Singapore is expensive by South-East Asian standards. Particularly in the higher price brackets, demand has been outstripping supply recently and during big events like the F1 race or some of the larger conventions it's not uncommon for pretty much everything to sell out. Lower-end hotels and hostels, though, remain affordable and available throughout the year. This guide uses the following price ranges for a standard double room: Budget Under $100 Mid-range $100-300 Splurge Over $300 Singapore's laws that ban late night/early morning construction only apply to residential areas and not the city centre. You can expect to hear loud piling from sites such as the new tunnels late into the night or early morning. Keep this in mind and check for any construction work near any hotel you choose as the work will be unlikely to stop when you want to sleep! Unless you're a shopping maven intent on maximizing time in 's shopping malls, the is probably the best place to stay in Singapore. Budget [ ] can be found primarily in,,, and the at about $25-40 for a dorm bed. Cheap hotels are clustered in the, and districts, where they service mostly the type of customer who rents rooms by the hour. Rooms are generally small and not fancy, but are still clean and provide basic facilities like a bathroom and television. Prices start as low as $15 for a 'transit' of a few hours and $40 for a full night's stay. A good number of these value for money hotels conveniently linked by local transport are on Balestier Road. Some of these hotels along Balestier Road are love hotels whose prices skyrocket Friday thru Sunday. Read the Costs section above for additional money saving tips. Mid-range [ ] Much of Singapore's mid-range accommodation is in rather featureless but functional older hotels, with a notable cluster near the western end of the. Accommodations close to the iconic Singapore River include the recently refurbished. There has, however, been a recent surge of 'boutique' hotels in renovated shophouses here and in and these can be pretty good value, with rates starting from $100/night. Raffles Hotel Singapore has a wide selection of luxury accommodation, including the famed Raffles Hotel. You will generally be looking at upwards of $300 per night for a room in a five-star hotel, which is still a pretty good deal by most standards. Hotel rates fluctuate quite a bit: a large conference can double prices, while on weekends in the off-peak season heavy discounts are often available. The largest hotel clusters can be found at (good for sightseeing) and around (good for shopping). Long-term [ ] Housing in Singapore is expensive, as the high population density and sheer scarcity of land drives real estate prices through the roof. As a result, you would generally be looking at rentals on par with the likes of and. Apartment hotels in Singapore have prices competitive with hotels but are quite expensive compared to apartments. Renting an apartment in Singapore will generally require a working visa. While over 80% of Singaporeans live in government-subsidized Housing Development Board (HDB) flats, their availability to visitors is limited, although JTC's SHiFT scheme makes some available with monthly rents in the $1700-2,800 range. Most expats, however, turn to private housing blocks known as condos, where an average three-bedroom apartment will cost you anything from $3,200 per month for an older apartment in the suburbs to $20,000 for a top-of-the-line deluxe one on Orchard Road. Most condos have facilities like pools, gyms, tennis court, car park and 24 hr security. As the supply of studio and one-bedroom apartments is very limited, most people on a budget share an apartment with friends or colleagues, or just sublet a single room. Landed houses, known as bungalows, are incredibly expensive in the centre (rents are regularly measured in tens of thousands) but can drop if you're willing to head out into the woods — and remember that you can drive across the country in 30 minutes. One or two-month security deposits are standard practice and for monthly rents of under $3,000 you need to pay the agent a commission of 2 weeks rent per year of the lease arranged. Leases are usually for two years, with a 'diplomatic clause' that allows you to terminate after 1 year. Singapore Expats is the largest real estate agency geared for expatriates and their free classified ads are a popular choice for hunting for rooms or apartment-mates. You might also want to check the classified ads in the local newspapers. Learn [ ] Singapore's universities are generally well-regarded and draw exchange students from near and far. • National University of Singapore (NUS),. Singapore's oldest university, strong in law, computing and science. One of the premier universities in Asia. • Nanyang Technological University (NTU),. The second university in this island state, more geared towards engineering, media and business studies. Host for the Youth Olympics 2010 • Singapore Management University (SMU),. The third, newest, and the only publicly-funded private university in Singapore. Geared towards finance and business. • Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD),. Singapore's fourth public university, established in collaboration with Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the US to advance knowledge and nurture technically grounded leaders and innovators to serve societal needs. • Singapore Institute of Technology (SIT),. Singapore's fifth public university, the university primarily caters to local polytechnic graduates who desire to pursue a bachelor's degree • Singapore Institute of Management University (SIM),. Singapore's private university with a number of international degree courses. The school offers a wide range of first degrees, from the arts to business to technology studies. A number of foreign universities, business schools and specialised institutes have also setup their Asian campuses in Singapore. • James Cook University's Singapore campus (JCU Singapore),. JCU Singapore is a branch of James Cook University, based in Townsville, Australia, ranked in the top 4% of universities in the world (ARWU ranking) and is the leading tropical research university in Australia.. JCU Singapore offers pathway, business, education, counselling, psychology, environmental science, information technology, tourism & hospitality courses. JCU Singapore runs on a trimester system, allowing students to 'fast track' their study and complete their degrees in a shorter period of time than other universities in the region. • SP Jain Centre Of Management (SPJCM),. International campus of the business school in. The Asian campus of European business school, INSEAD. • University of Chicago Graduate School of Business,. The Asian campus of the University of Chicago Graduate School of Business, offering one of the most expensive MBAs in the world. • DigiPen Institute of Technology,. The Asian campus of the DigiPen Institute of Technology,,,. • University of Nevada - Las Vegas - Singapore Campus,. The Singapore campus of the University of Nevada -. Offering Bachelor of Science degrees in Hospitality Management. International campus of the business school in. • Tisch Asia,. Asian campus of New York University's Tisch School of the Arts. It offers courses that are film-related, including animation, writing and producing. Cooking [ ] • Food Playground, 24A Sago Street ( 300m from Chinatown MRT), ☎ +65 9452 3669 (),. If you are looking beyond the usual sightseeing attractions, their hands-on cultural cooking classes will help you dive deep into the fascinating side of Singapore’s food heritage and culture. Their friendly local instructors will teach you how to whip up popular Singaporean dishes like Nyonya Laksa, Chicken Rice or Satay in an informal and fun atmosphere. You will also get to eat and enjoy your own creations and mingle with your newfound friends at their dining room inside a restored pre-war shophouse. Scheduled classes run Mondays through Fridays and each class has a duration of 3 hours. All skill levels are welcome and they also cater for different dietary requirements and specific needs. Rated No.1 activity in Singapore on Tripadvisor. 12 students maximum per class. From $99 per person. • At-Sunrice GlobalChef Academy, 28 Tai Seng Street, Level 5, ☎ +65 6416 6688 (),. Established in 2001, At-Sunrice GlobalChef Academy is the first culinary academy in Singapore to be awarded the National CET Institution (NCI) accreditation and in 2011, At-Sunrice opened a new Workforce Skill Qualification (WSQ) integrated F&B Academy located in 28 Tai Seng Street.The Academy offers nationally recognised WSQ Diplomas, Certificate and other short programmes in Culinary Arts, Pastry and Bakery and Food & Beverage Service that cultivates global chefs and F&B professionals. • Cookery Magic, 179 Haig Road, ☎ +7 (),. Cooking classes in an old colonial black-and-white home, with themes varying by day and cuisines from all over the continent. 8 students maximum. • Palate Sensations, 1 Westbourne Road #03-05, ☎ +5 (),. Hands-on cooking classes in both European and Asian styles, held in a colonial black and white bungalow in rural western Singapore. 12 students maximum. Work [ ] Casual work is nearly impossible to come by, as you must have a work permit (WP) or employment pass (EP) to work in Singapore. In practice, receiving either requires that you have a firm job offer and the sponsoring company applies on your behalf. There is also a Working Holiday Programme for recent university grads who want to live in Singapore for up to 6 months. Work permits are mostly intended for menial, low-skilled labourers. To be eligible for an employment pass, you would generally need to have a minimum salary of more than $3,600 per month and hold at least a bachelor degree from a reasonably reputable university. There is also an intermediate known as the S pass, which is usually granted to mid-skilled workers who have been promoted to positions of junior leadership such as worksite supervisor, and would require you to have a minimum salary of more than $2,200 per month as well as your employer's recommendation. Employment pass holders as well as S pass holders with a monthly salary of more than $5,000 are allowed to bring in their family members on a dependent pass. If your employment is terminated, you will get a social visit pass (a visitors visa with no employment rights) which allows you to stay for no longer than 14 days. You can look for another job during this time, but don't overstay your visa, and do not think about working without the right papers, this will result in a short stay in the local prison, with added fines, possibly caning and certain deportation. For more information, contact the Ministry of Manpower. Once you have been working in Singapore for a year or so with an employment pass or S pass, applying for permanent residence (PR) is fairly straightforward. If granted — and the rule of thumb is, the higher your salary, the more likely you are to get it — you can stay in Singapore indefinitely (as long as you can show some income every 5 years) and can change jobs freely. As one of the most vibrant economies in South-east Asia, and supported by a highly-educated population of locals and foreign talents, Singapore is a natural choice for multi-nationals who wish to have a presence in the region. The government is also highly supportive of entrepreneurship in the country, offering a full 3-year tax exemption on profit for new companies (for the first S$100,000) and having one of the lowest corporate tax rates in the world at 17% a year. Even the company incorporation process is done entirely online these days and can be completed as quickly as within a day. Stay safe [ ]. Fine-tuning the MRT Singapore is one of the safest major cities in the world by virtually any measure. Most people, including single female travellers, will not face any problems walking along the streets alone at night. Police are also noticeably absent from streets. But as the local police say, 'low crime does not mean no crime' — beware of pickpockets in crowded areas and don't forget your common sense entirely. There are neither gangs nor incidences of gang-related violence in the country since the late 80s. Though perfectly safe, local women tend to stick to the main road and avoid walking alone through the 'lorongs' in Geylang, the red light district of Singapore, to stay clear of unwanted attention at night. This is not to say they avoid the area completely. The area is, among several others, well-known for its late night local food fare. If you are dressed conservatively (to avoid being mistaken for a sex worker) or look the part of a tourist, you will not be harassed. Singapore's cleanliness is achieved in part by strict rules against public nuisance activities that are often flouted in many other countries. For example, jay-walking, spitting, littering, and drinking and eating on public transport are prohibited. Look around for sign boards detailing the Don'ts and the fines associated with these offences, and heed them. Avoid littering, as offenders are not only subject to fines, but also to a 'Corrective Work Order', in which offenders are made to wear a bright yellow jacket and pick up rubbish in public places. Enforcement is however sporadic at best, and it is not uncommon to see people openly litter, spit, smoke in non-smoking zones, etc. Chewing gum, famously long banned from sale (consumption was never banned, contrary to popular belief), is now available at pharmacies for medical purposes (eg nicotine gum) if you ask for it directly, show your ID and sign the register. While importing gum for resale is still illegal, one can usually bring in a few packs for personal consumption without any problem. WARNING: Singapore treats drug offences extremely severely. The death penalty is mandatory for those convicted of trafficking, manufacturing, importing or exporting more than 15g of heroin, 30g of morphine, 30g of cocaine, 500g of cannabis, 200g of cannabis resin or 1.2kg of opium, and possession of these quantities is all that is needed for you to be convicted. For unauthorised consumption, there is a maximum of 10 years' jail or fine of $20,000, or both. You can be charged for unauthorised consumption as long as traces of illicit drugs are found in your system, even if you can prove that they were consumed outside the country, and you can be charged for trafficking as long as drugs are found in bags that are in your possession or in your room, even if they aren't yours and regardless of whether you're aware of them - therefore, be vigilant of your possessions. For some crimes, most notably illegal entry and overstaying your visa for over 90 days, Singapore imposes caning as a punishment. Other offences which have caning as a punishment include vandalism, robbery, molestation and rape. Do note that having sex with a girl under the age of 16 is considered to be rape under Singapore law, regardless of whether the girl consents to it and would land you a few strokes of the cane. This is no slap on the wrist: strokes from the thick rattan cane are excruciatingly painful, take weeks to heal and scar for life. Crimes such as murder, kidnapping, unauthorized possession of firearms and drug trafficking are punished with death. However, tourists should be relieved that such severe punishment is only reserved for the most severe crimes such as rape, molest, murder or kidnapping and this has partly resulted in a country that seen the lowest number of severe crimes in the world. Begging is illegal in Singapore, but you'll occasionally see beggars on the streets. Most are not Singaporean — even the 'monks' & 'nuns' dressed in robes, who occasionally pester tourists for donations, are usually bogus. Whilst jaywalking is illegal, it is still a common thing and occurs quite often around the city. Beware though that if a police officer catches you, you might get a warning or end up with a fine if you persist. Put simply: the roads are for vehicles and the footpaths are for people. While Singapore provides a constitutional right to 'freedom of expression', there are many exceptions that act to limit this right, including several exceptions related to political activism & public demonstrations (particularly by non citizens). Nevertheless, the police generally do not arrest people for expressing anti-government views in casual conversation and articles critical of certain government policies are sometimes published in the local newspaper forums. Visitors need not be worried unless you plan to hold a public rally or publish political opinion pieces critical of the current leaders. Missionaries should also note that insulting other religions is a crime in Singapore, and carries fines and a prison sentence with it, so be sensitive when discussing subjects related to religion. Politics, especially the immigration policy is a very sensitive subject - although police won't arrest you for discussing those with locals, Singapore has a peculiar political climate in which it's way too easy to step on a slippery slope when engaging in a discourse in those areas. Although locals themselves sometimes feel frustrated and displaced by the combination of mass immigration, their liability for the two year long National Service, some institutionalized discrimination and soaring property prices, they are often patriotic and may take offense if visitors criticize any aspect of the country. Politics and social dynamics are a subject best avoided and if you happen to get drafted into it by a taxi driver, it's best to stay neutral and just listen. Singapore is virtually immune to natural disasters: there are no fault lines nearby, although Indonesia's earthquakes can sometimes be barely felt, and other landmasses shield it from typhoons, tornadoes and tsunamis. Flooding in the November-January monsoon season is an occasional hazard, especially in low-lying parts of the East Coast, but any water usually drains off quickly, usually after a couple of hours, and life continues as normal. Extreme air pollution, particularly from forest fires in Indonesia, have been a frequent and growing issue. Air quality measurements have often indicated an air quality level that is hazardous. Because of rigid regulations, conscientiously enforced with large fines, traffic is less erratic than in other Asian countries and reckless driving is rare. Emergency numbers [ ] • Ambulance ☎ 995 • Fire ☎ 995 • Police (Main number for Emergency Services) ☎ 999 • Singapore General Hospital ☎ +65 6222 3322 • Drug & Poison Information Centre ☎ +65 6423 9119 Stay healthy [ ] Tap water is safe for drinking, and sanitation standards are very high. As a tropical country, Singapore is hot and humid so drink a lot of water. The lowest temperature ever recorded in Singapore was way back in 1934, when it hit a low of 19.4°C (66.9°F). Is not an issue, but is endemic to the region. Singapore maintains strict mosquito control (leaving standing water around will get you fined), but the government's reach does not extend into the island's nature reserves, so if you're planning on hiking bring along mosquito repellent. Medical care [ ] The standard of medical care in Singapore is uniformly excellent and Singapore is a popular destination for medical tourism (and medical evacuations) in the region. Despite the lower prices, standards are often as good as those in the West at both public and private clinics, making this a good place to get your jabs and tabs if heading off into the jungle elsewhere. You'll still want to make sure your insurance is in order before a prolonged hospitalization and/or major surgery. There are various different types of insurance depending on what you are looking for from basic travel insurance policies to longer term health insurance policies designed more for frequent travellers from providers. For minor ailments, head down to the nearest suburban shopping mall or HDB shopping district and look for a general practitioner (GP). They usually receive patients without appointment and can prescribe drugs on the spot, and the total cost of a consultation, medicine included, is around S$50. For larger problems, head to a hospital. • Mount Elizabeth Hospital, Mount Elizabeth ( off Orchard Rd), ☎ +6,. Singapore's largest private hospital and a popular destination for medical tourists. Consultations with specialists start from $100. • Singapore General Hospital, College Road, 1st-3rd Hospital Avenue ( Right next to MRT Outram Park),. Singapore's oldest and largest public hospital. Outram Polyclinic offers doctor's consultations for $20.30 and can refer patients to specialists at the hospital, although waiting times can be long; afternoons are better than mornings. Open Mon-Fri 8 AM to 4:30 PM. • Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng ( MRT Novena), ☎ +1,. One of Singapore's largest public hospitals, fully equipped to handle most anything. Specialist departments here include a one-stop Travellers' Health & Vaccination Centre for immunizations, malaria prophylaxis, pre-trip and post-trip evaluations and general advice. Flat $80 fee for doctor's consultation, vaccines for $10 plus cost (consultation unnecessary), tel. +2, open 8AM-1PM and 2PM-5PM weekdays, 8AM-noon Sa, no appointment needed.(fourth floor, free coffee!) Medical overpayment scam: Your hospital will provide you with an estimate not an exact amount for surgeries and other procedures. Your Doctor will encourage you to overpay and say that the excess will be refunded. However, the hospitals take three weeks to arrive at a final tally and then at that time will only give you your refund in cash, by hand, at the hospital, long after most medical tourists have left Singapore. You can wire money in, in U.S. Dollars or Euros to pay, but they will only wire the excess back in Singapore dollars which no foreign bank will accept. Your Doctor gets to keep whatever is leftover. Pay the minimum with bank wire or credit card then supplement with cash as needed. Alternatively, practitioners of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) are widespread in Singapore. Eu Yan Sang runs a chain of over 20 clinics, while the Singapore Chinese Physicians' Association offers a directory of TCM physicians. Toilets [ ] Nearly all shopping centres, hotels, MRT stations, bus interchanges, and hawker centres are likely to have public toilets. Being clean, McDonald's toilets are popular too, and the staff do not make a fuss. Public facilities may charge 10 to 20 cents per entry, and a packet of tissue may come in handy if the toilet paper has run out. Most toilets have bowls, but there is usually one squatting cubicle in every public toilet. Respect [ ] What's in a name? - Chinese place their family name first, so Phua Chu Kang is Mr. Phua for business and Chu Kang (or just CK) to his friends. Many have Western names, so he may also be known as Terry Phua. - Malay names are given name + bin or binti (son/daughter) + father's name. Mohammed bin Abdullah would usually be called Mr. Sometimes, the person's given name appears after the Mohammed (example: Mohammed Faizal bin Mohammed Nasser) so, in such a case, he would usually be addressed as Mr. - Indian names are complex, but the south Indian (Tamil) names usually found in Singapore have two patterns: either given name + s/o or d/o (son of/daughter of) + father's name, or father's initial + given name. Given names are often long and may be abbreviated, so Ramanathan s/o Sellapan uses the name S.R. Nathan and would addressed as Mr. The foolproof method is to ask how the person wants to be addressed. Singaporeans care little about formal politeness. What would be decent behavior at home, wherever home might be, is unlikely to offend anyone in Singapore. In Singapore, unlike much of southeast Asia, women wearing revealing clothing or men wearing shorts and slippers are perfectly acceptable. That said, upmarket bars and restaurants may enforce dress codes and Singaporeans tend to be more socially conservative than Westerners, meaning that public display of affection is still frowned upon and toplessness for women is not acceptable anywhere, even on the beach. People are generally friendlier in the heartlands, and it is not uncommon to see shopkeepers and customers of multiple races bantering. However, Singaporeans, while not hostile towards foreigners, are generally not overly receptive to any overbearing friendliness from them. Furthermore, the local dialect with its heavy Chinese influences may appear brusque or even rude, but it should not be interpreted as being hostile or offensive. A question such as 'You want beer or not?' Is a perfectly normal way of asking if you want beer; after all, the person asking you the question is offering you a choice, not making a demand. If invited to somebody's house, always remove your shoes before you enter as most Singaporeans do not wear their shoes at home. Socks are perfectly acceptable though, as long as they are not excessively soiled. Many places of worship also require you to remove your shoes before you enter. At train stations, some forms of etiquette are a must. Singaporeans are orderly and will usually give way to passengers getting off trains before boarding the train. It is also common for people to stand on the left of escalators to allow room for others in a rush to ascend or descend on the right. If in doubt, simply obey the rule of 'When in Rome'. Beware of taboos if bringing gifts. Any products (food or otherwise) involving animals may cause offence and are best avoided, as are white flowers (usually reserved for funerals). Knives and clocks are also symbols of cutting ties and death, respectively, and some Chinese are superstitious about the number four. Also note that in Singapore, it is considered rude to open a gift in front of the person who gave it to you. Instead, wait till the person has left and open it in private. Many Singaporean Muslims and some Hindus abstain from alcohol. Swastikas are commonly seen in Buddhist and Hindu temples, as well as among the possessions of Buddhists and Hindus. It is regarded as a religious symbol and does not represent Nazism or anti-Semitism. As such, Western visitors should not feel offended on seeing a swastika in the homes of their hosts, and many locals will wonder what the fuss is all about. Take into account when inviting Singaporean friends for a meal. Many Indians (and a few Chinese) are vegetarian. Most Malays, being Muslims, eat only halal food, while most Indians, being Hindu, abstain from beef. Take note that Singapore, while heavily Westernized, ultimately remains socially conservative. As such, Westerners are strongly advised against greetings like kissing on the cheeks and should stick to the much common practice of shaking hands instead. Despite Singapore's burgeoning progressiveness, public displays of homosexuality are taboo. LGBT couples are strongly discouraged against holding hands in public, much less kissing. Business [ ] Singaporeans are punctual, so show up on time. The standard greeting is a firm handshake. However, conservative Muslims avoid touching the opposite sex, so a man meeting a Malay woman should let her offer her hand first and a woman meeting a Malay man should wait for him to offer his hand. If they opt to place their hand on the heart and bow slightly instead, just follow suit. Singaporeans generally do not hug, especially if it is someone they have just met, and doing so would probably make your host feel awkward, though the other person will probably be too polite to say anything as saving face is a major Asian value. For men, standard business attire is a long-sleeved shirt and a tie, although the tie is often omitted, the shirt's collar button opened instead. Jackets are rarely worn because it is too hot most of the time. Women usually wear Western business attire, but a few prefer Malay-style kebaya and sarong. Business cards are always exchanged when people meet for business for the first time: hold yours with both hands by the top corners, so the text faces the recipient, while simultaneously receiving theirs. (This sounds more complicated than it is.) Study the cards you receive and feel free to ask questions; when you are finished, place them on the table in front of you, not in a shirt pocket or wallet, and do not write on them or otherwise show disrespect. Business gifts are generally frowned on as they smell of bribery. Small talk and bringing up the subject indirectly are neither necessary nor expected. Most meetings get straight down to business. Contact [ ] By phone [ ] The international telephone country code for Singapore is 65. There are three main telecommunication providers in Singapore: SingTel, StarHub and MobileOne (M1). Mobile phones are carried by almost everyone in Singapore, including many young children, and coverage is generally excellent throughout the country. All 3 service providers have both GSM 900/1800 and 3G (W-CDMA) networks, and international roaming onto them may be possible; check with your operator before you leave to be sure. Prepaid SIM cards are sold in 7-Eleven convenience stores, phone shops and currency exchange counters, just bring your own GSM/3G phone or buy a cheap used handset in Singapore. You will need to show an international passport or Singapore ID to sign up. A local phone call costs between $0.05-$0.25 per min, whereas each local text message (SMS) costs about $0.05, with international SMS about $0.15-$0.25 (but a few dozen local SMS are usually thrown in for free when you top up). You may also be charged for incoming calls. Most prepaid cards expire within 6 mth unless you top-up (which can be done outside Singapore). The carriers also offer special top up cards that will give a higher number of minutes for the price at the downside of expiring more quickly. As in many places, mobile data with on prepaid voice SIM cards can be ridiculously expensive. StarHub offers a 1GB package (valid for 30 days). It costs $25 and is aimed at BlackBerrys but works with any phone. Using the StarHub SIM, call *122# and follow the menu to activate. Data-only SIMs can be more affordable. For short stays, StarHub has 2Mbps unlimited service at S$15 per week. For longer stays, bring a MicroSIM adapter and you can get StarHub's 2GB package (good for 60 days) for $37. Public phones are an increasingly endangered species, but you can find them in most MRT stations. They are either coin-operated pay phones (10 cents for a three-minute local call), card phones operated by phone cards in denominations of $3, $5, $10, $20 and $50, or credit card phones. Phone cards are available at all post offices and from phonecard agents. Most coin-operated pay phones are for local calls only, there are some which accept coins of larger denominations and can be used for overseas calls. Credit card phones are usually found at the airport or in some major hotels. To make an international call from Singapore, dial the access code 001 (for SingTel), 002 (for M1), and 008 (for StarHub), followed by the country code, area code and party's number. Recently the providers have started offering cheaper rates for calls using Internet telephony routes. The access codes for this cheaper service are 019 and 013 for SingTel and 018 for StarHub, make sure you input these codes instead of the '+' sign at the beginning of the number if you wish to use these services. Calling cards are also available for specific international destinations and are usually cheaper. Hello Card from Singtel offers a very cheap rate to 8 countries (,,,,,, and ). Stay connected [ ] Internet cafes charging around $2/hr are scattered about the island, but are not particularly common since almost all locals have Internet access at home, work, and/or school. Head to or if you need get online, or check out the top floors of many suburban malls, which feature Internet cafes doubling as online gaming parlors. Alternatively, all public libraries offer cheap Internet access ($0.03/min or $1.80/hr), but you need to jump through registration hoops to get access. The first phase of the nationwide free system is now operating and visitors are free to use the system, although you must register and receive a password via e-mail or a mobile phone first. See the Infocomm Development Authority website for a current list of hotspots. Commercial alternatives include McDonalds, which offers free wifi at most outlets; StarHub, a member of the Wireless Broadband Alliance with hotspots at Coffee Bean cafes; and SingTel, which has hotspots at most Starbucks cafes. Roaming or prepaid rates are on the order of $0.10/min. There are several options for prepaid 3G/HSPA internet. Starhub MaxMobile has different plans from S$2/hour to S$25 for 5 days unlimited 7.2mbps internet. SIM costs S$12. M1 Prepaid Broadband offers unlimited Internet access for three days/five days at S$18/S$30. Mobile internet access is also available from the different telecoms which offer hundreds of megabytes good for several days. However do try using the free WiFi access if possible; not only will it save you money but also precious battery life. There are other more convenient and easy-to-use alternatives for travelers who want to stay connected in order to communicate with their relatives and share the highlights of their stay in Singapore. Nowadays, travelers can stay connected wherever they go and without roaming costs thanks to small portable 3G/4G Wi-Fi router that fits in your pocket. Several companies such as MIOWIFI offers internet packages at very attractive prices which allow you to connect up to 10 devices at the same time to your Wifi device. Recently another possibility is available to travelers to Singapore even more convenient than the previous one. As part of the digital age, a new mobile application has just been created: FlynetApp. This application allows you to access a 3G / 4G connection when you're travelling to Singapore simply by downloading the application from the Apple Store or the Play Store. By mail [ ] has offices throughout the island, generally open 08:30-17:00 weekdays, 08:30-13:00 Saturdays, closed Sundays. The Changi Airport T2 (transit side) office is open 06:00-23:59 daily, while the 1 Killeney Rd branch is open until 21:00 weekdays and 10:00-16:00 Sundays. Service is fast and reliable. A postcard to anywhere in the world costs 50 cents, and postage labels can also be purchased from the self-service SAM machines found in many MRT stations. Small packets up to 2kg cost $3.50/100g for airmail, or $1/100g for surface mail. For larger packages, may offer competitive rates. Cope [ ] Electricity [ ] Singapore uses the British BS1363 three-pin rectangular socket (230V/50Hz). Plug adaptors are available at any hardware store. Embassies and High Commissions [ ] Singapore is a good place to collect visas for the region. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs maintains a complete of diplomatic institutions. • Angola, 9 Temasek Blvd, #44-03, Suntec Tower 2, ☎ +0. • Australia, 25 Napier Rd, ☎ +0,. • Austria, 600 N Bridge Rd #24-04 / 05 Parkview Sq, ☎ +0,. • Barbados, 1 Fullerton Rd, #02-01 One Fullerton, ☎ +6. • Bangladesh, 91, Bencoolen St, #06-01, Sunshine Plaza, ☎ +5,. • Belarus, 50 Raffles Pl, #44-04 Singapore Land Tower, ☎ +5. • Belgium, 8 Shenton Way, #14-01, Temasek Tower, ☎ +7,. • Belize, 101 Cecil Street, #22-01 Tong Eng Building, ☎ +2. • Benin, 38B Mosque St, ☎ +0. • Brazil, 101 Thomson Rd, #09-05 & 10-05 United Sq, ☎ +5,. • Brunei Darussalam, 325 Tanglin Rd, ☎ +5,+4,+7. • Cambodia, 400 Orchard Rd, #10-03/04 Orchard Towers, ☎ +5,. • Cameroon, 63 Robinson Rd, Afro Asia Bldg #02-00, ☎ +5. • Canada, One George St, #11-01, ☎ +0,. • Chile, 105 Cecil St, #25-00 The Octagon, ☎ +7. • China, 150 Tanglin Rd, ☎ +8,. Also handles Hong Kong/Macau visas. • Colombia, 9 Raffles Pl, #58-00 Republic Plaza, ☎ +7. • Comoros, 55 Cairnhill Rd, #06-05 Cairnhill Plaza, ☎ +5. • Democratic Republic of Congo, 1 N Bridge Rd, High Street Centre #B1-01, ☎ +9. • Costa Rica, 271 Bukit Timah Rd, #04-08 Balmoral Plaza, ☎ +6,. • Cote D'ivoire, 1 Maritime Sq, #09-43 World Trade Centre, ☎ +6. • Cyprus, One Raffles Quay, #19-01 N Tower, ☎ +5. • Denmark, 101 Thomson Rd, #13-01 United Sq, ☎ +3,. • Djibouti, 30 Gul Crescent Jurong, ☎ +4. • Egypt, 75 Grange Rd, ☎ +1,. • Estonia, 5 Shenton Way, #24-01 UIC Bldg, ☎ +7. • Ethiopia, 23 Chin Bee Ave, ☎ +3. • Finland, 101 Thomson Rd, #21-03 United Sq, ☎ +2,. • France, 101-103 Cluny Park Rd, ☎ +0,. • Ghana, Lum Chang Holdings Limited, 1 Selegie Rd, #06-02, Paradiz Centre, ☎ +8. • Germany, 50 Raffles Pl, #12-00 Singapore Land Tower, ☎ +4,. • Greece, 61B Duxton Rd, ☎ +4. • Hungary, 250 N Bridge Rd, #29-01 Raffles City Tower, ☎ +2,. • Iceland, 4 Battery Rd, #26-01 Bank of China Bldg, ☎ +0. • India, 31 Grange Rd, ☎ +7,. Warning: Only issues visas to residents of Singapore, and all visa applications are handled by Serangoon Travel in Tekka Mall, Little India. • Indonesia, 7 Chatsworth Rd, ☎ +2,. • Ireland, 541 Orchard Rd, #08-00 Liat Towers, ☎ +0,. • Israel, 24 Stevens Close, ☎ +0, +2 (24 hr),. • Italy, 101 Thomson Rd, #27-02/03 United Square, ☎ +2,+65 6253-8429/4340 (consular),. • Jamaica, Resource Pacific Holdings Pte Ltd, #28-00 Shenton Way, ☎ +5. • Japan, 16 Nassim Rd, ☎ +5,. • Kazakhstan, 10 Collyer Quay, #13-10/10A Ocean Bldg, ☎ +0. • DPR Korea, 7500 Beach Rd, #09-320 The Plaza, ☎ +8. • Republic of Korea, 47 Scotts Rd, #08-00 Goldbell Towers (chancery), #05-01 Goldbell Towers (consular), ☎ +8 (chancery), +8 (consular),. • Kuwait, The Ritz-Carlton, Millenia Ste 3108, 7 Raffles Ave, ☎ +1,. • Laos, 101 Thomson Rd, #10-01 United Sq, ☎ +4, +1. • Lebanon, 3 Temasek Avenue, #31-02, Centennial Tower, ☎ +4. • Lithuania, 151 Chin Swee Rd, #04-02 Manhattan House, ☎ +3. • Luxembourg, 1 Pickering St, #16-01 Great Eastern Centre, ☎ +8. • Madagascar, 1003 Technopreneur Centre, #04-01 Bukit Merah Central, ☎ +6. • Malaysia, 301 Jervois Rd, ☎ +1,. • Maldives, 101 Thomson Rd, #30-01A United Sq, ☎ +2,. • Mali, 101 Cecil St, #22-08/09 Tong Eng Bldg, ☎ +9. • Malta, c/o Sinoda Shipping Agency Pte Ltd, 10 Anson Rd, #15-01/. 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The attacks have been happening outside Hollywood as well. North Carolina-based Woody, a vlogger who runs a YouTube channel called WoodysGamertag, was. Woody had just wrapped up an episode when he noticed people prowling around in his yard, so he came down the stairs with a shotgun — which is just about the most dangerous reaction you can have in that situation. 'I’m what my wife describes as a minor league internet celebrity,' Woody said in a video. 'It turns out the ultimate goal of these swatters, I’m told, is to have them bust through the door and drag you off camera. They would just love to see the police grab me by my shoulders and pull me off the show.' Woody, a video game vlogger, explains how he was swatted. The FBI estimates there are around 400 swatting attacks a year, based on 'local law enforcement calls received about once a month; interviews of individuals arrested; and a review of social media with perpetrators bragging about it,' a spokesperson told The Verge. However, shows a huge spike in mentions of the word 'swatting' beginning in 2013. It’s relatively easy to swat someone, since law enforcement tends to err on the side of taking emergency calls seriously. The threshold for calling in a special forces team varies by district, but generally it seems to be enough to say you have a gun and a potential victim. All swatters really need is the victim’s address, a way to mask their phone number, and a crazy story to tell the 911 operator. It’s relatively easy to swat someone There are a few options when it comes to masking your phone number. Swatters can use services designed so the deaf can type and have their messages spoken by an operator. Because of privacy laws, these services do not track personal information of the people making the calls, and the operators are required to read everything that’s being typed, no matter how absurd. Swatters can also use a 'spoof card,' magicJack, or even an app (Burner is a popular one) to hide the originating number. As it turns out, the recent increase in swatting. Krebs discovered that an individual, or individuals, has been publishing personal information on public figures on a site called exposed.re. At the end of March, a notation was added next to the names of celebrities who had been targeted: '[Swatted].' The site where a hacker (or hackers) has been publishing the personal information of public figures. 'I actually think there is a connection between the swat against me and the swat against celebrities,' he said. The FBI is investigating the case. Swatting can bring harsh penalties. In 2007, a young man named Randal T. Ellis called in a hoax on an apparently random household using a deaf relay service. At first, Ellis told the 911 operator that his name was Ryan and his sister had overdosed on cocaine and gave the address of a house in Lake Forest, Washington, where Doug and Stacey Bates lived with their twin daughters. Ellis also claimed he had a gun and had shot someone in the face. He then threatened to shoot his mother and his sister. At this point, police requested a SWAT team. Doug Bates heard a strange noise and saw some the shadowy figures in the yard. Worried about intruders, he came out the back door with a knife. Excerpt from 911 transcript: [Police unit 664] confirming these people are deaf? We may need to get someone out here that speaks sign language [Sheriff’s dispatch] Six six four we’re still trying to confirm that. We do have an informant by the name of Ryan. He states he shot a female in the face [Police unit 664] – He’s at the back window, he’s looking out. And ah – it looks like he does have a large knife in his hand and he is agitated. He’s coming out. Luckily, no one was hurt in the ensuing standoff. The police searched the Bates’ home and found nothing. 'Fuck this bullshit, I'm just going to kill myself,' Ellis told the 911 operator, and hung up. Brian Sims, a sergeant with the Orange County Sheriff’s Department, was the lead investigator on the case. He discovered that Ellis had used the California Relay System to call 911. About five search warrants later, Sims traced the call from an AOL account to a Comcast account and finally to Ellis. The 19-year-old went to jail for three years on five felony counts, including computer access and fraud, false imprisonment by violence, and falsely reporting a crime. He was ordered to pay $14,700 in restitution. About five search warrants later. At the time no law enforcement had ever heard of swatting, Sims told The Verge. The only other case he was aware of involved, the notorious blind phone hacker who ended up getting 11 years for various computer crimes. Weigman’s first known swat was in 2005. The Verge attempted to contact Weigman to ask whether he was inspired by an earlier swat, but he declined to be interviewed through his lawyer. Sims is now consulting with the LAPD to help with the string of Hollywood swats. 'Unfortunately for us, with the new spoof cards and the magicJacks, and everything else coming out, it’s becoming more and more difficult,' he said. 'It’s very labor intensive. It’s not like you got swatted last night and I can have someone in custody today.' However, he said, the swatters tend to give themselves away. 'It’s almost like a high for them,' he said. 'They want to memorialize all this activity, all this news media. They’re only going to stay quiet for so long.' Update: Woody asked that his real name be removed from this story in order to reduce his future risk of being targeted, so we substituted his nickname. • Image: and. 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I seem to have always found it. > > Dating, Self-Confidence, and CP Dating, Self-Confidence, and CP January 28, 2016 by Last Friday, my girlfriend Laura and I went to Open Stage, a club in Coral Gables, Florida, to meet some of our high school classmates for a fun-filled evening of karaoke and drinks. Unlike our first karaoke night back in October, the turnout was small; when we got to the club, we found out that it was just us and Anita, the organizer of the event. Luckily there were other club-goers who were participating in a birthday party/karaoke night get-together, so Anita, Laura, and I sang our four songs, had our share of drinks, then left the club at 10:30 p.m. I had fun that night even though I was disappointed that none of the others that had RSVP’d attended. Maybe it was because the event was held on a Friday night and it was hard for many of the invitees to go to a club for drinks and singing almost right after work. Or maybe it was because another classmate had scheduled a disco dancing get-together in Doral that same night. (Disco dancing to ‘80s songs, apparently, trumps jumping up on stage to sing in public after having a drink or two.) A fun night out (Photo by Alex Diaz-Granados) Although I’m now in a loving relationship with an attractive and intelligent woman and I’ve been socializing more in my 50s, I still remember that much of my adult life was marked by loneliness and social isolation because I have a mild case of spastic cerebral palsy (CP). I don’t often talk about my CP; even when I discuss health issues with my physician, we usually don’t discuss it except maybe peripherally. Once, when I lost 36 pounds in three months after my late mother became ill and I became her primary caregiver, I asked my doctor why I wasn’t gaining weight even though I was eating more. “Oh,” the doctor said, “that’s because your involuntary movements, combined with a fast metabolism, make you burn up calories even if you are sitting still. Since your muscles are contracting and expanding even though you think you’re stationary, you move around a lot without wanting to.” Now, when I was a kid, I didn’t have too many problems related to socialization. Maybe it was because my mom never treated me as if my CP was the sole factor that defined me as a child. She often made it a point to make sure I didn’t feel “different” or “disabled,” even if it meant allowing me to have impossible illusions about becoming an astronaut or a Marine when I grew up. So for a while, I was just a happy-go-lucky little tyke who just had issues with tying his shoes or stumbling and falling more than his playmates. I was even precocious about girls; in third grade I was gutsy enough to tell one of my classmates that I wanted to be her boyfriend. We ended up going together from third grade till I was in sixth grade. She was a year ahead of me, and since junior high (what we now call middle school) started in seventh grade, her departure for another school campus marked the end of our relationship. She started noticing other boys and developed a crush on one of them. Then she broke up with me. This breakup made me lose much of my self-confidence, and since by now I was in regular classes instead of in Special Ed ones I was surrounded by attractive girls who were not disabled. I had crushes on many of them, but when I hit puberty (or puberty hit me), I became too self-conscious about my CP. I kept on getting the “Alex, you’re sweet, but I need a boyfriend who can ride a bike or walk around like a normal guy” speech from girls I asked on dates. After a particularly crushing rejection from a blonde cheerleader in ninth grade, I retreated into my shell, so to speak, and gave up on the dating scene. I liked many girls in high school and college, but I was so sure that my CP was a turn-off that I kept my feelings tightly bottled up. Oh, I’d tell my friends that I liked Jane So-and-So or Kathy Doe; I just never told Jane or Kathy how I felt about them because I didn’t want to hear the Alex, you’re sweet, but. I eventually got over this fear of rejection when I was in my late 30s thanks to the Internet, chat rooms, and instant messaging, and over the past 16 years I’ve been in several relationships. Some worked out well. Some were spectacular disasters. Like many things in life, dating is never risk-free, and success is never guaranteed in affairs of the heart. The one common link in all my romantic relationships is that digital technology allows me to communicate with women without worrying if my spastic CP is a turnoff. I can focus on being myself and letting the other person at the end of the modem get to know me. I can be funny, witty, sappy, or even risque online and not have to think along the lines of “Oh, crap. Am I twitching too much? Is my right arm curled to the side or does it look normal?” Thankfully, all the women I’ve dated since 2000 have seen past my CP and seen the man beyond the disability. Yes, the involuntary movements and other limitations affect my relationships somewhat, but not as adversely as I imagined they would. I’m more self-confident and happier now, and Laura enjoys being with me. She even asks me to dance with her when we go out with our friends. She’s proud and happy to be seen with me. [Universitaetsklinikum des Saarlandes, Klinik fuer Diagnostischeund Interventionelle Neuroradiologie, Homburg/Saar (Germany) 2009-07-15 Tumors of the pituitary gland can lead to limitation of hypophysis function (hypophysis insufficiency) or hypersecretion of different hormones (acromegaly, Cushing's syndrome, prolactinoma, TSH-secreting adenoma). The optic chiasma lies in close proximity to the pituitary gland and can be compressed by tumors leading to visual disturbances (bilateral hemianopsia). Tumors can be separated into hormone secreting and hormone inactive tumors, as well as into microadenoma with a diameter 10 mm. A rare group of tumors of the hypophysis region are craniopharyngiomas, meningiomas, germinomas, gliomas, metastases and granulomotous inflammations, such as sarcoidosis and tuberculosis. (orig.) [German] Bei Tumoren der Hypophysenregion kann es zu einer Einschraenkung der Hypophysenfunktion (Hypophyseninsuffizienz) kommen, aber auch zu einem Hypersekretionssyndrom (Akromegalie, Cushing-Syndrom, Prolaktinom, TSH-sezernierendes Adenom). Unmittelbar ueber der Hypophysenregion liegt das Chiasma opticum, wodurch es bei Tumoren der Hypophysenregion zur Beeintraechtigung des Sehens kommen kann, meist als Verschlechterung des Sehfeldes beider Augen nach lateral (bitemporale Hemianopsie). Man unterscheidet hormonaktive und -inaktive Tumoren. Full Text Available Die Multidetektor-Computertomographie (MDCT und die Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT haben ihren festen Platz in der Diagnostik. Material und Methodik: 50 Patienten (43 Kinder und Jugendliche, 7 Erwachsene) mit dringendem Verdacht auf eine Innenohrmissbildung erhielten eine. Hochmaligne Gliome und diffus intrinsische Ponsgliome haben eine sehr schlechte Prognose. Erfolgsrezepte existieren nicht. Weitere Tumoren der hinteren Schaedelgrube sind Meningeome, Schwannome, Haemangioblastome, Hirnstammgliome und Epidermoide. Da die verschiedenen Tumoren der hinteren Schaedelgrube unterschiedliche Behandlungsansaetze sowie Prognosen haben, ist eine genaue und spezifische Diagnose obligatorisch. Differentiation between malignant and benign tumors of peripheral nerves in the early stages is challenging; however, due to the unfavorable prognosis of malignant tumors early identification is required. Das Osteosarkom ist der haeufigste maligne Knochentumor v. Bei Kindern und jungen Erwachsenen. Tumors in the region of the sella turcica; Tumoren der Sellaregion Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB). [Universitaetsklinikum des Saarlandes, Klinik fuer Diagnostischeund Interventionelle Neuroradiologie, Homburg/Saar (Germany). Tumors of the pituitary gland can lead to limitation of. Es werden Mikroadenome mit einem Durchmesser bis 10 mm und Makroadenome, die groesser als 10 mm sind, unterschieden. Eine seltenere Gruppe von Tumoren der Hypophysenregion sind die Kraniopharyngeome, Meningeome, Germinome, Gliome, Metastasen und granulomatoese Entzuendungen (Sarkoidose, Tuberkulose). (orig.) • Kakuno, Yoshiteru; Yamada, Takashi; Hirano, Hiroshi; Mori, Hiroshi; Narabayashi, Isamu 2002-07-01 A 75-year-old man presented with a rare case of chordoma in the sella turcica of the skull base. He had been treated for hypertension and chronic renal failure since 1990. Computed tomography detected a tumor in the sella turcica in 1994, but the patient had no clinical complaints and the serum pituitary hormone levels were normal. He died of disseminated intravascular coagulation, myocardial infarction, pulmonary infection, and multiple cerebral infarctions in 2000. At autopsy, the tumor in the sella turcica was 3.1 cm in greatest diameter and had compressed the pituitary gland posteriorly. Histological examination found oval cells and vacuolated short spindle-shaped cells which showed morphological changes similar to myxoma cells. The tumor was lobulated by narrow connective tissues. The tumor did not contain any cartilaginous tissue components, and was stained positively for epithelial membrane antigen but negatively for S-100 protein. The final diagnosis was chordoma. There was no association between the tumor and the cause of death. • Umarevathi Gopalakrishnan 2015-01-01 Full Text Available The pituitary gland’s role as a functional matrix for sella turcica has not been suggested in orthodontic literature. This paper is an attempt to correlate the role of pituitary gland in the development of sella turcica. A case report of dwarfism associated with hypopituitarism is presented to highlight the above hypothesis. • Gopalakrishnan, Umarevathi; Mahendra, Lodd; Rangarajan, Sumanth; Madasamy, Ramasamy; Ibrahim, Mohammad 2015-01-01 The pituitary gland's role as a functional matrix for sella turcica has not been suggested in orthodontic literature. This paper is an attempt to correlate the role of pituitary gland in the development of sella turcica. A case report of dwarfism associated with hypopituitarism is presented to highlight the above hypothesis. • Umarevathi Gopalakrishnan; Lodd Mahendra; Sumanth Rangarajan; Ramasamy Madasamy; Mohammad Ibrahim 2015-01-01 The pituitary gland’s role as a functional matrix for sella turcica has not been suggested in orthodontic literature. This paper is an attempt to correlate the role of pituitary gland in the development of sella turcica. A case report of dwarfism associated with hypopituitarism is presented to highlight the above hypothesis. • Haritha Pottipalli Sathyanarayana; Vignesh Kailasam; Arun B Chitharanjan 2013-01-01 The sella turcica is a structure which can be readily seen on lateral cephalometric radiographs and sella point is routinely traced for various cephalometric analyses. The search was carried out using the following key words ( sella turcica, bridging of sella, size, shape of sella turcica) and with the following search engine (Pubmed, Cochrane, Google scholar). The morphology is very important for the cephalometric position of the reference point sella, not only for evaluating craniofacial mor. • Becktor, J P; Einersen, S; Kjaer, I 2000-02-01 In earlier studies, a sella turcica bridge was stated to occur in 1.75 to 6 per cent of the population. The occurrence of a sella turcica bridge has not previously been studied in a group of patients with craniofacial deviations treated by surgery. Profile radiographs from 177 individuals who had undergone combined orthodontic and surgical treatment at the Copenhagen School of Dentistry were studied. A sella turcica bridge was registered in those subjects where the radiograph revealed a continuous band of bony tissue from the anterior cranial fossa to the posterior cranial fossa across the sella turcica. Two types of sella turcica bridge were identified. A sella turcica bridge occurred in 18.6 per cent of the subjects. • Brock-Jacobsen, Mette T; Pallisgaard, Carsten; Kjaer, Inger 2009-01-01 of 42 twin pairs (18 male and 24 female pairs, aged 18-23 years) comprised the material. Sella turcica measurements from non-twins aged 6-21 years were used as normal reference. Length, depth and diameter of the sella turcica were measured and controlled by re-measurements. Pearson's correlation. Showed that the size of the sella turcica may be partly similar and partly dissimilar within the pair of monozygotic twins. Statistical evaluation of the data showed correlations between length, depth and diameter of the sella turcica between the two twin individuals in the same twin pair. • Meyer-Marcotty, Philipp; Reuther, Tobias; Stellzig-Eisenhauer, Angelika 2010-04-01 Several investigations have analysed the frequency of sella turcica anomalies in patients with severe craniofacial deviations. Until now, there have been no studies concerning the prevalence of sella turcica bridging in homogenous groups of patients. Therefore, the aims of this controlled study were to analyse the prevalence of sella turcica bridging and measure the size of the sella turcica in two well-defined groups of Caucasian individuals. In a multicentre retrospective study, 400 pre-treatment lateral cephalograms of adult patients (over 17 years of age) with a skeletal Class III (n = 250, 132 females and 118 males) or a skeletal Class I (n = 150, 94 females and 56 males) malocclusion were analysed. The morphology, length, depth, and diameter of the sella turcica were investigated. For statistical analysis, chi-square and t-tests were used. Skeletal Class III patients presented a significantly higher rate of sella turcica bridging, 16.8 per cent (P = 0.031), in comparison with skeletal Class I patients, whose rate was 9.4 per cent. No differences between females and males were detected for the length, depth, and diameter of the sella turcica. Bridging of the sella turcica could be seen radiographically in skeletal Class III subjects. • Kyung, SEE; Botelho, JV; Horton, JC 2014-01-01 Object. The sella turcica usually appears partially empty in MR images obtained from patients with chronic elevation of intracranial pressure. The authors measured the size of the sella turcica to determine if enlargement of the pituitary fossa explains the partially empty sella associated with pseudotumor cerebri. The medical records from 2005 to 2011 of a single neuro-ophthalmologist were searched to identify consecutive patients with pseudotumor cerebri. Age-matched control patien. • Mazumdar, Avi 2006-09-01 The pituitary gland is housed in the sella turcica and has vital endocrinologic functions. It lies in close proximity to numerous vital structures, including the optic chiasm, sphenoid sinus, cavernous sinus and hypothalamus. An understanding of the function, anatomy and embryology of the pituitary gland and its surrounding structures is vital to understanding its normal appearance, as well as in evaluating the broad spectrum of pathology that can involve the pituitary gland. Imaging of pathology in the sellar region, including pituitary adenomas, meningiomas, craniopharyngiomas and aneurysms, plays an important role in guiding treatment decisions. Modern imaging techniques are also important in evaluating the pituitary gland after surgery. • Chang, H-P; Tseng, Y-C; Chou, T-M 2005-09-01 A 28-year-old male presented to the Orthodontic clinic for correction of his anterior crossbite due to mandibular prognathism as a result of pituitary adenoma with acromegaly. A radiographic cephalometric analysis and clinical orthodontic examination were made. This article describes in detail the methods of correcting the magnification of cephalometric linear measurements in sellar dimensions (length, depth and width) from lateral and posteroanterior cephalograms. Cephalometric findings revealed that the sella enlarged in all its dimensions with a deepening of the floor in this acromegalic case. We discuss the radiographic diagnosis of an enlarged sella turcica in intrasellar tumours and also emphasise the dentist's important role in the initial diagnosis of pituitary adenoma cases. • Haritha Pottipalli Sathyanarayana 2013-01-01 Full Text Available The sella turcica is a structure which can be readily seen on lateral cephalometric radiographs and sella point is routinely traced for various cephalometric analyses. The search was carried out using the following key words ( sella turcica, bridging of sella, size, shape of sella turcica and with the following search engine (Pubmed, Cochrane, Google scholar. The morphology is very important for the cephalometric position of the reference point sella, not only for evaluating craniofacial morphology, but also when growth changes and orthodontic treatment results are to be evaluated. This makes it a good source of additional diagnostic information related to pathology of the pituitary gland, or to various syndromes that affect the craniofacial region. Clinicians should be familiar with the normal radiographic anatomy and morphologic variability of this area, in order to recognize and investigate deviations that may reflect pathological situations, even before these become clinically apparent. During embryological development, the sella turcica area is the key point for the migration of the neural crest cells to the frontonasal and maxillary developmental fields. The neural crest cells are involved in the formation and development of sella turcica and teeth. The size of sella turcica ranges from 4 to 12 mm for the vertical and 5 to 16 mm for the anteroposterior dimension. There are many classification systems regarding the shape of sella turcica. Majority of the studies show that about 67% of the subjects had normal appearance and about 33% showed variations. The prevalence of sella turcica bridging is high in class III malocclusions and dental anomalies. • Sathyanarayana, Haritha Pottipalli; Kailasam, Vignesh; Chitharanjan, Arun B 2013-01-01 The sella turcica is a structure which can be readily seen on lateral cephalometric radiographs and sella point is routinely traced for various cephalometric analyses. The search was carried out using the following key words ( sella turcica, bridging of sella, size, shape of sella turcica) and with the following search engine (Pubmed, Cochrane, Google scholar). The morphology is very important for the cephalometric position of the reference point sella, not only for evaluating craniofacial morphology, but also when growth changes and orthodontic treatment results are to be evaluated. This makes it a good source of additional diagnostic information related to pathology of the pituitary gland, or to various syndromes that affect the craniofacial region. Clinicians should be familiar with the normal radiographic anatomy and morphologic variability of this area, in order to recognize and investigate deviations that may reflect pathological situations, even before these become clinically apparent. During embryological development, the sella turcica area is the key point for the migration of the neural crest cells to the frontonasal and maxillary developmental fields. The neural crest cells are involved in the formation and development of sella turcica and teeth. The size of sella turcica ranges from 4 to 12 mm for the vertical and 5 to 16 mm for the anteroposterior dimension. There are many classification systems regarding the shape of sella turcica. Majority of the studies show that about 67% of the subjects had normal appearance and about 33% showed variations. The prevalence of sella turcica bridging is high in class III malocclusions and dental anomalies. PMID:24348611 • Sathyanarayana, Haritha Pottipalli; Kailasam, Vignesh; Chitharanjan, Arun B 2013-09-01 The sella turcica is a structure which can be readily seen on lateral cephalometric radiographs and sella point is routinely traced for various cephalometric analyses. The search was carried out using the following key words ( sella turcica, bridging of sella, size, shape of sella turcica) and with the following search engine (Pubmed, Cochrane, Google scholar). The morphology is very important for the cephalometric position of the reference point sella, not only for evaluating craniofacial morphology, but also when growth changes and orthodontic treatment results are to be evaluated. This makes it a good source of additional diagnostic information related to pathology of the pituitary gland, or to various syndromes that affect the craniofacial region. Clinicians should be familiar with the normal radiographic anatomy and morphologic variability of this area, in order to recognize and investigate deviations that may reflect pathological situations, even before these become clinically apparent. During embryological development, the sella turcica area is the key point for the migration of the neural crest cells to the frontonasal and maxillary developmental fields. The neural crest cells are involved in the formation and development of sella turcica and teeth. The size of sella turcica ranges from 4 to 12 mm for the vertical and 5 to 16 mm for the anteroposterior dimension. There are many classification systems regarding the shape of sella turcica. Majority of the studies show that about 67% of the subjects had normal appearance and about 33% showed variations. The prevalence of sella turcica bridging is high in class III malocclusions and dental anomalies. • Russell, B G; Kjaer, I 1999-11-19 The purpose of this study was to analyze the shape of the sella turcica in a group of patients with Down syndrome and compare the findings with those made earlier in human fetuses with Down syndrome. Profile radiographs from 78 patients (age 4 months to 50 3/12 years) were analyzed. A tracing was made of each sella turcica, and the shape was compared with that of a normal sella, including the normal growth pattern from childhood to adulthood. Sella turcica structure could be classified into three morphological types, defined as: type I, almost normal appearance; type II, deviations in the anterior wall; and type III, deviations in the floor of the sella turcica. Compared with previously registered prenatal structural deviations in the sella turcica, it can be concluded that the postnatal radiographic material reflects the prenatal findings, because type I, both prenatally and postnatally, is by far the most common, whereas the remaining types are uncommon, both prenatally and postnatally. The study confirms the relevance of prenatal investigations for postnatal diagnostics as previously documented in sella turcica analyses of prenatal and postnatal myelomeningocele cases. • Matsui, T.; Ueno, I.; Miki, Y.; Fuchinoue, T.; Kobayashi, N. 1984-01-01 A flattened sella turcica, not previously reported, was found incidentally in a 21-year-old male. Various neuroradiological and hormonal examinations have proved it to be a normal varient. Subsequently a normal pituitary gland was shown by CT. • Leonardi, Rosalia; Barbato, Ersilia; Vichi, Maurizio; Caltabiano, Mario 2006-12-01 Calcification of the interclinoid ligament (ICL) of the sella turcica, or sella turcica bridging, has been associated with severe craniofacial deviations. Despite no comprehensive study on the sella turcica bridge, a relationship with tooth and eruption disturbances has been reported. In order to investigate whether congenital absence of the second mandibular premolar, or the presence of a palatally displaced canine (PDC), is associated with sella bridging, a retrospective study was performed. Lateral cephalometric radiographs from 20 males and 14 females, aged between 8 and 16 years, with a PDC and second mandibular premolar aplasia were reviewed and compared with a control group. A standardized scoring scale was established to quantify the extent of a sella turcica bridge from each radiograph (no calcification, partially calcified, and completely calcified). The prevalence of complete calcification of the ICL in adolescents with dental anomalies was equal to 17.6 per cent, while an incidence 9.9 per cent was found in the control group. A partially calcified sella turcica was observed in 58.8 per cent of adolescents with dental anomalies compared with 33.7 per cent in the control group. The association between the degree of calcification of the ICL and the presence of dental anomalies in the studied adolescents was statistically significant according to chi-square statistics (P = 0.004). This was confirmed by Fisher's exact test (P = 0.003). According to these findings, the prevalence of a sella turcica bridge in adolescents with dental anomalies is increased, while age and gender do not greatly influence ossification of the ICL. The very early appearance during development of a sella turcica bridge should alert clinicians to possible tooth anomalies in life later. • Xu, Hongzhi; Qin, Zhiyong; Shi, Zhenhua 2011-10-01 Chondromyxoid fibroma (CMF) is an uncommon tumor that primarily develops in the long bones of young males. It is rarely seen in the skull and involvement of the skull base is rare. We report a patient with CMF arising in the region of the sella turcica. A literature review regarding the clinical and histological features of CMF, as well as recommended modalities of treatment, is presented. A 55-year-old male was admitted with polyuria and headache. A CT scan showed a well-defined expansive lesion with a sclerotic margin measuring approximately 2 cm in diameter in the sellar region. T1-weighted MRI revealed a well-circumscribed, lobulated and strongly enhancing lesion. On the T2-weighted MRI, the lesion showed high heterogeneous signal intensity. Using the trans sphenoidal approach, surgical exploration revealed a well-defined tumor underneath the optic chiasm. The piecemeal tumor removal was considered complete. We conclude that sellar region CMF can cause severe disabilities due to tumor compression. CMF should be taken into consideration in the differential diagnosis of a solitary tumor mass in the sellar area. As much as possible, surgical resection of the tumor is the cornerstone of treatment. Although CMF are generally regarded as benign neoplasms, they may show an infiltrative pattern and may recur; particularly when they are in locations where complete surgical excision may be difficult or impossible. • Choi, Wook Jin; Hwang, Eui Hwan; Lee, Sang Rae [Kyung Hee Univ. College of Dentistry, Seoul (Korea, Republic of) 2001-03-15 To investigate the shape and size of normal sella turcica on cephalometric radiograms. Cephalometric radiograms of 200 orthodontic patients of age ranging 6-42 years were examined. All subjects were divided into 5 groups by age, the dimensional change of sella turcica was examined according to age, and the configurations of sella turcica floor, tuberculum sella, and anterior and posterior clinoid process were also observed. The contours of sella turcica floor were flat type in 54% and concave type in 46%. The contours of tuberculum sella were right angle type in 55% and obtuse angle type in 44%; Acute angle type and plane type were very rare comprising 0.5%, 0.5% each. The configurations of anterior clinoid process were point type in 80% and round type in 20% of cases, and those of posterior clinoid processes were point type in 60% and round type in 40% of cases. The dimensional change of sella turcica according to age range had significantly positive linear trend to sella turcica length, height, and width until 25 years. After 26 years, no significant increase was found in sella turcica dimension. Especially, the sella turcica length had more proportional increase than that of sella turcica height and width. The results of this study revealed that the configuration of normal sella turcia was variable and the dimensional change of normal sella turcica had a linear tendency with age until 26 years. • Kjaer, I; Keeling, J W; Reintoft, I; Hjalgrim, H; Nolting, D; Fischer Hansen, B 1998-02-26 The purpose of this study was to elucidate the phenotypic conditions in the sella turcica/pituitary gland complex in human trisomy 18 fetuses. Fourteen human fetuses with gestational ages from 12 to 39 weeks were included in the study. Normal fetuses at corresponding ages were used as controls. Whole body and special radiographic examination was undertaken before the midsagittal cranial base block, including the pituitary gland, was excised and analyzed histologically and immunohistochemically (keratin wide spectrum [KWS], thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH], and neurophysin [Nph]). In all trisomy 18 fetuses, TSH-positive adenopituitary tissue was present in the sella and in greater or lesser amounts pharyngeally. The neurohypophysis was Nph-positive and located normally in the sella turcica. The adenohypophyseal tissue reacted either KWS-faint or KWS-negative, whereas KWS-positive reaction occurs in normal fetuses. This circumstance might suggest an altered cytoskeletal structure of the surface ectoderm in the pituitary placode in trisomy 18. The sella turcica was malformed in all the fetuses. Very broad craniopharyngeal canals were observed in some of the fetuses. Because endocrine disorders occur in many congenital malformations, it is essential in future studies to chart the sella turcica/pituitary gland region systematically in different genotypes. • Andredaki, M; Koumantanou, A; Dorotheou, D; Halazonetis, D J 2007-10-01 The purpose of this study was to use quantitative methods to measure the size and shape of the sella turcica and thus establish normative reference standards that could assist in a more objective evaluation and detection of pathological conditions. Standardized lateral cephalograms of 184 healthy Greeks (91 males and 93 females) were used. The age range was between 6 and 17 years. Conventional measurements included three different heights of the sella turcica (anterior, posterior, median), its length, and width, measured in relation to the Frankfort reference line. In addition, the area of sella turcica was calculated. Morphometric methods were used to assess shape. The tracings were superimposed using the Procrustes method, and the average shape was computed. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to assess shape variability. The data were correlated with centroid size, age, and gender. Unpaired t-tests were used to determine gender differences. Sella height anteriorly was the only variable found to be significantly different between the genders, being larger in females by 0.5 mm. Linear and area measurements were found to be significantly correlated with age, but all correlations were low (r(2) below 8 per cent). Sella turcica shape, as described by PCA, was different between males and females, mainly at the posterior aspect of the sella outline. However, although there was an extensive overlap between the genders, and differences were minimal. Age was not found to be correlated with the shape coefficients, although, in the female group, the first principal component of shape was marginally not significant. Allometry was observed in both genders, the sella showing a tendency towards a flatter and wider shape with increase in size. The results of this study constitute quantitative reference data that could be used for objective evaluation of sella shape. • Kerr, P Benjamin; Oldfield, Edward H 2008-07-01 In this paper the authors describe the sublabial-endonasal-transsphenoidal approach to the sella turcica, a modification that combines elements of the sublabial-submucosal-transseptal approach and the endonasal approach. It provides a midline, or near midline, trajectory, wide exposure of the sella, and secure speculum placement on the osseous edge of the pyriform aperture, while avoiding dissection of the nasal mucosa, and it can be used for microscopic and endoscopic surgery. • Sidibe, E H 2006-09-01 A 43-year-old patient, known for infertility for ten years, presented hypogonadism (low libido, impotence, low testosteronemia) with hypergonadotropism (high FSH contrasting with low LH) and a tumor syndrome of the sella turcica. The biological, immunohistochemical and clinical features of gonadotropic adenoma are presented. • Brock-Jacobsen, Mette T; Pallisgaard, Carsten; Kjaer, Inger 2009-12-01 The purpose was to compare the sella turcica morphology of individuals within pairs of monozygotic twins with normal karyotype and to analyze the similarity between the observed morphology and the morphology of non-twins at the same age with normal karyotype. Profile radiographs from 84 individuals of 42 twin pairs (18 male and 24 female pairs, aged 18-23 years) comprised the material. Sella turcica measurements from non-twins aged 6-21 years were used as normal reference. Length, depth and diameter of the sella turcica were measured and controlled by re-measurements. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used for comparison of individuals within twin pairs. For comparison of twins and non-twins, normal standard values for length, depth and diameter were subtracted from the twin values. For the mean values of these differences, confidence limits p values and t values were calculated. The study showed that the size of the sella turcica may be partly similar and partly dissimilar within the pair of monozygotic twins. Statistical evaluation of the data showed correlations between length, depth and diameter of the sella turcica between the two twin individuals in the same twin pair. Differences in sizes are observed between individuals in the twin material and individuals in the non-twin material. As a conclusion, the twin males were more similar within the twin pair, but deviated more from the non-twin material than the females. Female twins had more discrepancy within the twin pair, but deviated less from the non-twin material than the males. • Ashraf Mohamed Elsayed Ali SAKRAN *1, Mohammad Afzal KHAN 2, Faris Mohammed Nour ALTAF 3, Hassan Elsiddig Hassan FARAGALLA 4, Amal Yousif Ahmed Elhaj MUSTAFA 5, Muhammad Mazhar HIJAZI 6, Rayan Abdulshakur NIYAZI 7, Abrar Jamal TAWAKUL 8, Abeer Zubair MALEBARI 9, Amal AbdulAziz SALEM 10. 2015-03-01 Full Text Available Background and objective: Precise anatomical knowledge of the sella turcica is important for neurologists and surgeons operating in the region of cavernous sinus or the surrounding structures. The current study was undertaken to record normal morphometric parameters for future reference and to determine if there is any significance difference in the sella turcica morphometry regarding the gender. Methodology: A Morphometric analysis of the Sella Turcica and structures in vicinity were done in thirty six adults’ formalin fixed cadaver's skulls (22 male and 14 female. Results: The pituitary stalk positions were middle in majority of male cases (72.7%, the remaining 27.3% were posterior. Among female; 57.1% were middle and the remaining 42.9% were posterior, no anterior position was detected among both genders with no different between male and female (p = 0.494 Normal Optic chiasma position was detected in all female cases and in 63.6% of male cases with no significant differences regarding gender (p= 0.070. No significant different in diaphragma sella shape and opening regarding gender (p.value = 0.170 and 0.914 respectively No significant difference between males and females concerning linear dimensions of sella turcica (length, depth and Anteroposterior diameters. Concerning diaphragma sella opening; no significant different regarding gender in transverse diameter (p.value= 0.316 while significant different was detected in anteroposterior diameter (p.value= 0.046 For interclinoid (anterior, posterior diameters, which represented statistically significant different regarding gender in both right and left sides (p.value = 0.004 and 0.001 respectively. Conclusion: The current study will provide normal morphometric data for future reference and further studies. • Axelsson, Stefan; Storhaug, Kari; Kjaer, Inger 2004-12-01 Williams syndrome (WS) is a rare congenital disorder with distinctive craniofacial features, cardiovascular abnormalities, mental retardation, and behaviour characteristics. The purpose of this study was to investigate the size and morphology of the sella turcica on profile cephalograms in a group of individuals with WS. The material consisted of radiographic cephalograms of 62 Norwegian children, adolescents, and adults with an age range of 4.7-44.4 years. The length, depth, and diameter of the sella turcica were measured and the mean values were compared with normal reference material from the Oslo University Craniofacial Growth Archive. In total, the two-dimensional size of the sella turcica in the WS group was smaller in length, depth, and diameter compared with the control group, but only occasionally reached a significance level of 5 per cent (Student's t-test). The morphology of the sella turcica was assessed and five different morphological types were identified; oblique anterior wall, extremely low sella turcica, sella turcica bridging, irregularity (notching) in the posterior part of the dorsum sellae, and pyramidal shape of the dorsum sellae. The occurrence of these morphological types was more frequent in the WS subjects compared with the reference material, except for sella turcica bridging, which was equally frequent. The females with WS had more dysmorphic sella turcicas than males. This study has demonstrated morphological aberrations in the sella turcica in Norwegian individuals with WS, which should be further elucidated in future research and combined with neurological andendocrinological investigations. • Rai, Ashwin R; Rai, Rohan; Pc, Vani; Rai, Rajalakshmi; Vadgaonkar, Rajanigandha; Tonse, Mamatha 2016-07-01 Familiarity with the shape and dimensions of sella turcica is important to recognize and manage pathological conditions of pituitary gland as well as for orthodontic treatment planning. The present study aims to describe the morphology and dimensions of sella turcica from Indian population, using lateral cephalograms to set a reference data for comparison among different races. The study used 36 lateral skull radiographs of both sexes between age group of 13 to 18 years. Shape of sella turcica was noted by visual inspection. Length, height anterior, height median, height posterior, distance between frontonasal suture and mental spine to midpoint of posterior clinoid process, and tuberculum sella were measured using digital vernier caliper with reference to Frankfort line. The results of the study revealed that mean length, height anterior, height median, height posterior were larger in females than in males. The morphological types identified include pointed posterior clinoid process with rounded hypophyseal fossa, hooked posterior clinoid process with rounded hypophyseal fossa, hooked posterior clinoid process with flask-shaped hypophyseal fossa. These observations would be beneficial for the clinicians and orthodontists to design treatment planning in pathology of pituitary gland and in correcting dentofacial anomalies. • Paroder, Viktoriya; Miller, Todd; Cohen, M Michael; Shanske, Alan Lawrence 2013-10-01 Absent sella turcica is an extremely rare and dramatic radiographic finding. It may be isolated or occur in the presence of other anomalies, often involving the adenohypophysis. Our evaluation of a female infant with multiple anomalies including absence of the sella turcica, a normal pituitary in the craniopharyngeal canal, normal pituitary function, choanal atresia and anomalies of the appendiceal skeleton prompted a review of the occurrence and biology of an absent sella turcica. • Huang, Benjamin Y; Castillo, Mauricio 2005-07-01 While pituitary adenomas make up over 90% of all sellar masses, there are a number of less known tumors, both malignant and benign, which may arise within the sella turcica. These include relatively common tumors such as meningiomas and craniopharyngiomas, as well as extremely rare tumors such as pituitary astrocytomas and granular cell tumors. Unfortunately, many of these tumors lack characteristic imaging features, often making it extremely difficult to distinguish them by imaging alone from the more common pituitary adenoma. In this article, we review several nonadenomatous tumors of the sella, with a focus on their clinical features and typical MR imaging characteristics. • Leonardi, Rosalia; Farella, Mauro; Cobourne, Martyn T 2011-08-01 The aim of the present study was to determine any association between tooth transposition and bridging of the sella turcica, given the evidence of common embryonic origins associated with these structures and a genetic basis underlying these two conditions. Clinical records of subjects demonstrating dental transposition and normal controls were collected from several hospital orthodontic departments and specialist orthodontic practices. All cases and controls were documented with good quality lateral cephalometric radiographs and dental panoramic tomograms (DPTs). The study sample consisted of 21 Caucasian subjects (7 males and 14 females; mean age 14.5 years; SD 2.2 years), demonstrating either maxillary or mandibular dental transposition. The control group, matched for age and gender to the study sample, comprised 70 Caucasians (31 males and 39 females; mean age 13.8 years; SD 1.8 years) without dental anomalies randomly selected from subjects referred for orthodontic treatment within the same departments. The extent of sella turcica bridging was quantified from each profile radiograph using comparative measurement of length and diameter. Sella turcica bridging was found more frequently in subjects diagnosed with dental transposition than in the controls, with the difference being statistically significant [chi-square=7.4; degrees of freedom (df)=2; P=0.025; Fisher's exact test; P=0.042]. The increased frequency of complete and partial bridging of the sella turcica in subjects with dental transposition provides further evidence of a genetic basis to this condition. As calcification and bridging of this region can present during early childhood, it may act as a useful diagnostic predictor of susceptibility to local dental problems. • Skrzat, Janusz; Mroz, Izabela; Marchewka, Justyna 2012-01-01 This paper presents anatomy and topography of the inconstant osseous bridges that may occur in the sella turcica region. The interclinoid bridge and the caroticoclinoid bridge can be formed in consequence of abnormal ossification of the dural folds or disturbances in development of the sphenoid bone. Their presence may be of clinical importance because of potential influence on the neurovascular structures passing in the vicinity of the clinoid processes of the sphenoid bone. • Inoue, Tomoo; Takahashi, Noboru; Murakami, Kensuke; Nishimura, Shinjitsu; Kaimori, Mitsuomi; Nishijima, Michiharu 2009-01-01 A 29-year-old man presented with a primary sellar turcica osteochondroma manifesting as intratumoral hemorrhage mimicking pituitary apoplexy. The patient suffered sudden onset of headache concomitant with vision loss in the left eye. Radiography and computed tomography detected destruction and calcification of the sellar turcica. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a heterogeneously enhanced suprasellar mass that had elevated and compressed the optic chiasm. The preoperative diagnosis was hemorrhagic pituitary adenoma, craniopharyngioma, meningioma, or chordoma based on the signal heterogeneity of the lesion. To relieve the symptoms and make a definitive diagnosis, surgical removal via a basal interhemispheric approach was carried out. The tumor was not totally removed because of tight adhesion to the pituitary stalk, but postoperative ophthalmological examination revealed improvement of the visual disturbance. The histological diagnosis was osteochondroma based on the presence of mature chondrocytes and osteomatous tissue. Osteochondroma should be included in the differential diagnosis of tumors with acute hemorrhage in the sella turcica. • Shimizu, Kiyoharu; Tominaga, Atsushi; Kinoshita, Yasuyuki; Usui, Satoshi; Sugiyama, Kazuhiko; Kurisu, Kaoru 2013-10-01 A 64-year-old male presented with an incidental tumor in the sella turcica during a brain medical checkup. Because he lacked any neurological symptoms or signs of pituitary dysfunction, the patient did not undergo surgery. Three years later, visual disturbances developed, including poor eyesight and visual field defects. The response to the growth hormone(GH)releasing peptide-2 demonstrated severe GH deficiency. MRI revealed an enlarged tumor appearing as a mosaic pattern of high and very low intensity on T2-weighted imaging. The region of very low intensity on T2-weighted imaging exhibited enhancement after T1 gadolinium-DTPA administration. The tumor was totally removed via the microscopic trans-sphenoidal approach in combination with endoscopic observation. The hard tumor adhered to the dura of the sella turcica and the medial wall of the left cavernous sinus. Histological verification confirmed a solitary fibrous tumor(SFT). Fourteen months after the operation, MRI revealed no recurrent tumors. SFT infrequently occurs in the sella turcica; however it should be included in the differential diagnosis in cases of enhanced tumors with marked low intensity on T2-weighted imaging. • Yilmazlar, Selcuk; Kocaeli, Hasan; Cordan, Teoman 2004-01-01 A case of metastasis to the sella turcica from a follicular adenocarcinoma of the thyroid gland is presented. Metastasis to this site is rare and review of the literature reveals only 12 cases of metastatic thyroid carcinoma involving the sella turcica and pituitary gland. The optimal treatment strategy is still to be determined. A 43-year-old woman presented with headache, nausea, visual impairment and galactorrhea. An MRI scan of the cranium revealed an enhancing destructive sellar lesion. The patient underwent transsphenoidal removal of the lesion to alleviate visual loss. The histological features of the sellar tumor were identical to those of a follicular adenocarcinoma partially removed from the thyroid gland 22 months earlier. Total thyroidectomy followed by three courses of iodine-131 ablation enhanced with synthetic thyrotropin and thyroid hormone suppression therapy was instituted. The post-operative course was satisfactory with improved vision and ceased galactorrhea. This case was successfully treated with a combination of surgical removal, iodine-131 ablation and hormone suppression therapy, which resulted in disease control duration of four years. Sella turcica metastases of thyroid carcinoma are exceedingly rare and currently there are no established therapeutic guidelines. • Pittayapat, Pisha; Jacobs, Reinhilde [University Hospitals Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven (Belgium); Odri, Guillaume A. [Service de Chirurgie Orthopedique et Traumatologique, Centre Hospitalier Regional d' Orleans, Orleans Cedex2 (France); De Faria Vasconcelos, Karla [Dept. Of Oral Diagnosis, Division of Oral Radiology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Sao Paulo (Brazil); Willems, Guy [Dept. Of Oral Health Sciences, Orthodontics, KU Leuven and Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven (Belgium); Olszewski, Raphael [Dept. Of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Universite Catholique de Louvain, Brussels (Belgium) 2015-03-15 This study was performed to assess the reproducibility of identifying the sella turcica landmark in a three-dimensional (3D) model by using a new sella-specific landmark reference system. Thirty-two cone-beam computed tomographic scans (3D Accuitomo 170, J. Morita, Kyoto, Japan) were retrospectively collected. The 3D data were exported into the Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine standard and then imported into the Maxilim software (Medicim NV, Sint-Niklaas, Belgium) to create 3D surface models. Five observers identified four osseous landmarks in order to create the reference frame and then identified two sella landmarks. The x, y, and z coordinates of each landmark were exported. The observations were repeated after four weeks. Statistical analysis was performed using the multiple paired t-test with Bonferroni correction (intraobserver precision: p50% precision in locating the landmark within 1 mm. A newly developed reference system offers high precision and reproducibility for sella turcica identification in a 3D model without being based on two-dimensional images derived from 3D data. • Puja Chauhan; Sunita Kalra; Shashi M. Mongia; Sadakat Ali; Anurag Anurag 2014-01-01 Background: The purpose of this study was to describe the morphology and measure the size of the sella turcica in North Indian population. Methods: Lateral cephalometric radiographs of 180 individuals (90 males and 90 females) with an age range of 12 - 65 years were taken. Morphology of sella turcica was studied and various measurements were taken to determine the shape of the sella. Statistical analysis was done to calculate differences in dimensions and to establish if any, relationship. • Mohamadi, Yousef; Mousavi, Mahboubeh; Pakzad, Reza; Hassanzadeh, Gholamreza 2016-09-01 The pituitary gland is located in the sella turcica. Pituitary tumors constitute approximately 15% of intracranial benign tumors. 'Endo nasal endoscopic trans-sphenoidal' method is an appropriate surgical technique to remove this tumor. In this operation an endoscope enters the nasal cavity through the nostril to reach the floor of the sella turcica. The aim of this study was an anthropometric evaluation of the route of endoscope in this surgery. Two hundred twenty-seven patients (116 women, 111 men) were divided into ≥30, 31 to 61, and ≥61-year age groups. Lateral scanograms of skull were used to measure 3 linear distances and 1 angle. While the mean of the linear variables was significantly higher in men (P. • Louis, O.; Bette, L.; Noseda, A. 1986-01-01 Lens irradiation measurements were performed with thermo-luminescent lithium fluoride dosimeters during tomographic examinations of the sella turcica, simulated on a phantom head. Lens dosimetry during linear or hypocycloidal conventional tomography was compared with that during computed tomography (CT). Results showed that CT involved much lower radiation exposure to the lens than did conventional tomography and that the major part of the irradiation delivered by CT was related to axial scanning. Therefore, the major finding was that lens irradiation during CT of the sella can be kept at a particularly low level (. Significance of the EEG in the diagnosis of epilepsy Summary The electroencephalogram (EEG) is a specific diagnostic method for the evaluation of patients with epilepsies. 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Browse and date genuine Kiwi singles from Canterbury and chat now on NZ's premium online dating site for Kiwis with FindSomeone. Where singles once struggled to get a date, apps such as Tinder make it possible to date a different person every night of the week. Hell, more than one person a night. But there's another vast group of people using these apps who don't want such fleeting interactions. Aged in their late 30s, 40s, 50s and older, those in this group have often survived the breakdown of marriages and long term relationships, they usually have children and/or demanding careers, have the complications that come with middle age – children, houses, demanding careers – and little desire to be hooking up in bars at midnight. Instead, these people are taking to Tinder, or creating their own websites, looking for love and long-term relationships. 'We have a small group of early stage adopters in New Zealand already, and we'd love to see more.' Last month, 60-year-old Auckland teacher Jan Habgood made headlines around the world when her daughters set up a website to help her search for a partner. Named The Sea (as in, 'plenty of fish in'), the site was designed and written by her 27-year-old daughter Hannah, and looks more modern and vibrant than dating websites. Men are invited to fill out a form, and Jan and Hannah sort through the applicants together, contacting whoever Jan is interested in. In the first week, Jan received 50 applicants from all over New Zealand, as well as Australia and the UK. Jan declined to be interviewed, but Hannah says her mum had tried online dating in the past and found it too arduous. And while she'd never declared that she was lonely or wanted to find someone, Hannah sensed she'd like to be in a relationship. 'She's being the face of it for all these other people who are too scared to say, 'Yeah, I am 60, 65, and I can still meet someone'.' Would she set up a profile for Jan on Tinder? 'I don't really like the thought of my mum on Tinder,' says Hannah. 'Based on the people I know on Tinder, it is a little less serious, more 'lets hook up and have sex'.' IN PRAISE OF TINDER Not so, says Hamish Aitcheson, a Tinder-using 57-year-old father of two. While he's encountered plenty of people looking for a one night stand or just having a laugh, there are hundreds of Kiwis over 40-50 using Tinder to find romance. Aitcheson recently started using the app again after a nine-month relationship – with a woman he met on Tinder – came to an end. 'I think it's a modern way to meet people,' he says. 'Traditionally, you'd roll up to a bar, have a couple of drinks and take a chance. With Tinder, you can glean a bit from their information and you meet them somewhere like a busy bar, so it's not too awkward or spooky.' His most recent date was with a woman he'd connected with prior to his nine-month relationship. Start your day the right way with a combination of news, sport and entertainment. Join Hilary Barry, Jack Tame and the team for Breakfast. This page is regularly updated by members of the Anti-Spam Compliance Unit with the latest scams circulating New Zealand and the rest of the world. 100% free Christchurch (Canterbury) dating site for local single men and women! Join one of the best New Zealand online singles service and meet lonely people to date. They broke the ice by talking about their memorable Tinder dates. THE STIGMA IS FADING Aitcheson senses that the stigma once attached to meeting people through technology is fading. 'I think earlier on there was an idea of it as a hook-up-type site, but I think everybody sees it as not just a grubby site specifically for sexual liaisons. Now, it's a little bit edgy but still credible in terms of meeting someone on it.' 'I think it's harmless, and it's safe, and for people in my age bracket, over 50, I think it's worthwhile.' Joanna (not her real name) returned to New Zealand from a stint in London 10 years ago to find not a dating pool, but a dating puddle. 'There, it seemed you'd meet a lot more eligible people in your age group. In Auckland I felt like there wasn't a lot of choice,' she says. So she jumped online to broaden her prospects. She mainly used FindSomeone, and had some serious relationships, including one man with whom she had a child. But the novelty wore off, and she began to feel like she wasn't going to find The One on there. So, six months ago, the 46-year-old working mother of one started using Tinder. Joanna prefers the app to websites, for the immediacy it provides, its modern, easy-to-use interface, the absence of long, involved descriptions. 'I also like the fact you're not seeing everybody that's seeing you. I hate that thing about online dating – notifications that say 'these people are looking at you.' I like that you match if they think the same thing, or if they like you.' TYPES TO AVOID You quickly learn the types to avoid, says Joanna: men whose photos feature a gun, a motorbike, or their ex-partner. Men who message her with a winking smile or open the conversation with 'DTF?' ('Down To F***?' ) 'I think I'm a bit discerning about that stuff – I pick a dick pretty quickly. That's the good thing about Tinder in some ways; it's so immediate.' Joanna would recommend the app, but cautions: 'I would say keep your expectations kind of low.' What's missing, she believes, is the chemistry that takes place when you meet someone sans screens. 'When you meet somebody in person, it's what makes you want to see that person again. It's not all about their physical appearance or what they do or that they drive a certain car. All that chemistry is lost online.' SOMETHING OLD, SOMETHING NEW The technology is new, but the reservations are the same as those of online dating. Jill Goldson, a relationship counsellor and director of the Family Matters Centre, says people are afraid of being scammed, putting their privacy at risk, attracting stalkers, and being taken advantage of. 'Is the person's profile honest? Are people representing themselves as someone they're not? Do they really live in a quaint cottage or are they in a shack, up to their eyeballs in alcohol and debt?' Says Goldson. Dowling says some Stitch users have reported safety concerns. 'Unfortunately, those over 50 are more targeted than younger people by scammers. We've had countless members tell us of experiences that they've had,' he says. 'When we made Stitch, safety was on the top of our list and our members go through a verification process.' STAYING SAFE Hannah Habgood sorts through the applicants with her mum to ensure she stays safe. 'We had one come through that I was like, sounds fake. I don't think Mum would pick that up. Turns out he wasn't but that would be the kind of thing where Mum would say, 'Oh that sounds nice, that picture looks nice,' where it could be from Getty.' One dating site that Joanna used about five years ago (she can't recall the name) turned out to be a scam, and she lost $90 before realising she'd been duped. But both her and Aitcheson feel that apps like Tinder are better equipped to tackle those kind of problems. 'You can stay as anonymous as you like,' says Aitcheson. 'You're only exposed by the amount of information you pit out there. I don't put all my details out there. There are a lot of weirdos in cyberspace.' There's also the same fear of rejection that so many online dating users experience. Only now, instead of going on three dates a year, you might go on 30. You only get what you give, so don't be discouraged by setbacks, says Joanna. 'I went on one date a few weeks ago,' she says. 'We got on quite well. I thought he was quite nice, I liked him, I would've gone on another date, but he said 'You're in the friends' category'. But it was fine.' |
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